{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409606817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040624","title":"Numerical Analysis on Cooling Performances for Connectors Using Immersion Cooling in Ultra-Fast Chargers for Electric Vehicles","display_name":"Numerical Analysis on Cooling Performances for Connectors Using Immersion Cooling in Ultra-Fast Chargers for Electric Vehicles","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409606817","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040624"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/624/pdf?version=1745142226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/624/pdf?version=1745142226","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062721489","display_name":"Seong-Guk Hwang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seong-Guk Hwang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022171630","display_name":"Moo\u2010Yeon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-4444"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I51226738","display_name":"Dong-A University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qvtpc38","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Moo-Yeon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8857-4444","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-Daero 550, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043859154","display_name":"B.D. Ko","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Beom-Seok Ko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yura Co., Ltd., 308, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13494, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-7527-8784","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yura Co., Ltd., 308, Pangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si 13494, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022171630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I51226738"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":4.2779,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94320714,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"624","last_page":"624"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11529","display_name":"Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technologies","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12081","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9962999820709229,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immersion","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","score":0.7280970215797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.5950583219528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.4234452247619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40377116203308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.35490718483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.33739179372787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nuclear-engineering","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","score":0.3319816589355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20276445150375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09662863612174988}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199068039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574523","display_name":"Immersion (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.7280970215797424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.5950583219528198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.4234452247619629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40377116203308105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.35490718483924866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.33739179372787476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116915560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q83504","display_name":"Nuclear engineering","level":1,"score":0.3319816589355469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20276445150375366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09662863612174988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/624/pdf?version=1745142226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040624","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040624","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/624/pdf?version=1745142226","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409606817.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409606817.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2891792579","https://openalex.org/W2991519165","https://openalex.org/W3140483465","https://openalex.org/W3151922080","https://openalex.org/W3194241541","https://openalex.org/W4283800263","https://openalex.org/W4313532813","https://openalex.org/W4323923126","https://openalex.org/W4382725806","https://openalex.org/W4389000932","https://openalex.org/W4391535597","https://openalex.org/W4396631399","https://openalex.org/W4400283081","https://openalex.org/W4401377836","https://openalex.org/W4403936648","https://openalex.org/W4404405164","https://openalex.org/W4405393420","https://openalex.org/W4406121533","https://openalex.org/W4406136155","https://openalex.org/W4406573717","https://openalex.org/W4406817103","https://openalex.org/W4406893450","https://openalex.org/W4406898500","https://openalex.org/W4407088768","https://openalex.org/W4407439057","https://openalex.org/W6755227501","https://openalex.org/W6839100293","https://openalex.org/W6848758650","https://openalex.org/W6861175999","https://openalex.org/W6870352520"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3173555531","https://openalex.org/W2808441032","https://openalex.org/W4220927879","https://openalex.org/W2555031447","https://openalex.org/W3213003714","https://openalex.org/W2955677805","https://openalex.org/W3095031775","https://openalex.org/W3130316430","https://openalex.org/W2328979750","https://openalex.org/W4283066166"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,49,69],"increasing":[1,140,218],"demand":[2],"for":[3,42,271],"ultra-fast":[4,43],"charging":[5,27,47,81,104],"in":[6,12,26,75,92,102,291],"electric":[7],"vehicles":[8],"(EVs)":[9],"necessitates":[10],"advancements":[11],"thermal":[13,274],"management":[14,275],"strategies":[15],"to":[16,23,109,147,157,168,179,192,204,214,226,284],"mitigate":[17],"Joule":[18],"heating,":[19],"which":[20],"arises":[21],"due":[22],"electrical":[24],"resistance":[25],"connectors":[28],"and":[29,65,96,106,132,256,277,288],"cable":[30,82,105,128,185,197],"cores.":[31],"This":[32,266],"study":[33,267],"presents":[34],"a":[35,57,79,230],"numerical":[36],"analysis":[37,98],"of":[38,60,71,78,84,89,99,135,264,281],"immersion":[39,282],"cooling":[40,247,283],"performance":[41,259],"chargers":[44],"under":[45],"realistic":[46,80],"conditions.":[48],"simulated":[50],"results":[51],"are":[52],"validated":[53],"by":[54],"experiments":[55],"with":[56],"maximum":[58,184],"deviation":[59],"5.5%":[61],"at":[62],"600":[63],"A":[64,67,146,149],"700":[66],"currents.":[68],"novelty":[70],"this":[72],"work":[73],"lies":[74],"the":[76,87,93,97,103,141,151,161,171,183,196,208,219,234,238,245,250,257,279],"consideration":[77],"length":[83],"5":[85,227],"m,":[86],"evaluation":[88,260],"temperature":[90,153,163,173,187,210,253],"characteristics":[91],"charger":[94],"connector,":[95],"geometric":[100],"symmetry":[101],"coolant":[107,125,220],"configuration":[108],"ensure":[110],"uniform":[111],"heat":[112],"distribution.":[113],"Key":[114],"operating":[115],"conditions":[116],"were":[117],"systematically":[118],"analyzed,":[119],"including":[120],"applied":[121,142],"currents,":[122],"ambient":[123,162],"temperatures,":[124],"flow":[126,221],"rates,":[127],"core":[129,186,198],"cross-sectional":[130,199],"areas,":[131],"different":[133],"types":[134],"coolants.":[136],"Results":[137],"indicate":[138],"that":[139],"current":[143],"from":[144,154,165,176,189,201,211,223],"400":[145],"800":[148],"raised":[150],"connector":[152,172,209,235],"60.73":[155],"\u00b0C":[156,167,178,191,213],"97.33":[158],"\u00b0C.":[159,194,216],"As":[160],"increased":[164,188],"20":[166,202],"50":[169],"\u00b0C,":[170,181],"rose":[174],"significantly":[175],"42.71":[177],"74.99":[180,215],"while":[182],"65.26":[190],"100.61":[193],"Increasing":[195],"area":[200],"mm2":[203,206],"30":[205],"reduced":[207],"77.20":[212],"Meanwhile,":[217],"rate":[222],"2":[224],"LPM":[225,228],"had":[229],"negligible":[231],"effect":[232],"on":[233],"temperature.":[236],"Among":[237],"three":[239],"tested":[240],"coolants,":[241],"Novec":[242],"7500":[243],"exhibited":[244],"highest":[246,258],"efficiency,":[248,286],"achieving":[249],"lowest":[251],"contact":[252],"(74.76":[254],"\u00b0C)":[255],"criteria":[261],"(PEC)":[262],"value":[263],"3.8.":[265],"provides":[268],"valuable":[269],"guidelines":[270],"enhancing":[272],"symmetry-driven":[273],"systems":[276],"demonstrates":[278],"potential":[280],"improve":[285],"safety,":[287],"operational":[289],"reliability":[290],"next-generation":[292],"high-power":[293],"EV":[294],"chargers.":[295]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
