{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409109855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040534","title":"Shape Optimization of the Triangular Vortex Flowmeter Based on the LBM Method","display_name":"Shape Optimization of the Triangular Vortex Flowmeter Based on the LBM Method","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409109855","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040534"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040534","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/534/pdf?version=1743493265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/534/pdf?version=1743493265","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079513807","display_name":"Qiji Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1159-6677"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55022517","display_name":"Heilongjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zyhq975","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiji Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036020248","display_name":"Chenxi Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9359-4326"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55022517","display_name":"Heilongjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zyhq975","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxi Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035039809","display_name":"Xuan Zou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1145-5508"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuan Zou","raw_affiliation_strings":["CSSC No. 703 Research Institute, Harbin 150078, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CSSC No. 703 Research Institute, Harbin 150078, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087361828","display_name":"Wei Guan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-0489"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204983213","display_name":"Harbin Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01yqg2h08","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wei Guan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Astronautics and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Astronautics and Mechanics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204983213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113384286","display_name":"Xiao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7840-2689"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55022517","display_name":"Heilongjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zyhq975","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102015827","display_name":"Xu Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0646-1989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55022517","display_name":"Heilongjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zyhq975","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xu Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Hydraulic and Electric Power, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051490998","display_name":"Ao Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2322-8038"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I921716337","display_name":"Northeast Petroleum University","ror":"https://ror.org/03net5943","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ao Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163000, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Petroleum Engineering, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing 163000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I921716337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102015827","https://openalex.org/A5113384286"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55022517"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.07752706,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"534","last_page":"534"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11751","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11751","display_name":"Lattice Boltzmann Simulation Studies","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12081","display_name":"Aerodynamics and Fluid Dynamics Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vortex","display_name":"Vortex","score":0.5764991044998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.48991483449935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-measurement","display_name":"Flow measurement","score":0.48070722818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.42505836486816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.4125833213329315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.3689364194869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.36765575408935547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140820882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732722","display_name":"Vortex","level":2,"score":0.5764991044998169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48991483449935913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16302685","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15091623","display_name":"Flow measurement","level":2,"score":0.48070722818374634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.42505836486816406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4125833213329315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.3689364194869995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.36765575408935547}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040534","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/534/pdf?version=1743493265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040534","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040534","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/534/pdf?version=1743493265","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2497369826","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"PL2024E027","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323085","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409109855.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4409109855.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977236549","https://openalex.org/W1993491039","https://openalex.org/W2002285007","https://openalex.org/W2023501152","https://openalex.org/W2027201559","https://openalex.org/W2036903649","https://openalex.org/W2050420744","https://openalex.org/W2057111263","https://openalex.org/W2069859203","https://openalex.org/W2072475797","https://openalex.org/W2089722194","https://openalex.org/W2093095643","https://openalex.org/W2162275375","https://openalex.org/W2162473925","https://openalex.org/W2178720999","https://openalex.org/W2473498517","https://openalex.org/W2520353358","https://openalex.org/W2551198992","https://openalex.org/W2904024806","https://openalex.org/W2943712139","https://openalex.org/W3031536778","https://openalex.org/W3036111634","https://openalex.org/W3036204348","https://openalex.org/W3131705380","https://openalex.org/W3178314134","https://openalex.org/W3202675108","https://openalex.org/W3217571342","https://openalex.org/W4220954169","https://openalex.org/W4388097573","https://openalex.org/W4390263691","https://openalex.org/W4392292333","https://openalex.org/W4401111579","https://openalex.org/W6804641599"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2376126850","https://openalex.org/W2159716108","https://openalex.org/W2017405423"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1],"paper,":[2],"the":[3,20,23,36,48,55,86,92,115,131,159,164],"D3Q19":[4],"multiple-relaxation-time":[5],"(MRT)":[6],"lattice":[7],"Boltzmann":[8],"method":[9,166],"(LBM)":[10],"for":[11],"large":[12],"eddy":[13],"simulation":[14],"(LES)":[15],"was":[16,58],"employed":[17],"to":[18,60,114],"optimize":[19],"shape":[21,53],"of":[22,47,54,75,82,118,163],"vortex":[24,29,37,49,56,94,101,146,149,174],"generator":[25,57,95,175],"in":[26,100,108,130,167],"a":[27,62,67,72,79,97,105],"triangular":[28],"flowmeter.":[30],"The":[31,51,135],"optimization":[32],"process":[33],"focused":[34],"on":[35],"shedding":[38,102,150],"frequency,":[39,151],"lift":[40,154],"force":[41],"per":[42],"unit":[43],"area,":[44],"and":[45,78,104,111,152,161,172],"symmetry":[46],"street.":[50],"optimal":[52],"determined":[59],"feature":[61],"180\u00b0":[63],"incoming":[64],"flow":[65,116,170],"surface,":[66],"concave":[68],"arc":[69],"side":[70],"with":[71],"curvature":[73],"radius":[74,81],"25":[76],"mm,":[77],"fillet":[80],"4":[83],"mm":[84],"at":[85],"end.":[87],"Numerical":[88],"simulations":[89],"revealed":[90],"that":[91],"optimized":[93],"achieves":[96],"2.72~13.8%":[98],"increase":[99],"frequency":[103],"17.2~53.9%":[106],"reduction":[107],"pressure":[109,142],"drop":[110],"can":[112],"adapt":[113],"conditions":[117],"productivity":[119],"fluctuations":[120],"(6.498":[121],"\u00d7":[122,128],"105":[123],"\u2264":[124,126],"Re":[125],"22.597":[127],"105)":[129],"gas":[132],"well":[133],"production.":[134],"results":[136],"demonstrated":[137],"significant":[138],"advantages,":[139],"including":[140],"low":[141],"loss,":[143],"minimal":[144],"secondary":[145],"generation,":[147],"high":[148],"substantial":[153],"force.":[155],"These":[156],"findings":[157],"underscore":[158],"robustness":[160],"efficiency":[162],"LBM-LES":[165],"simulating":[168],"complex":[169],"dynamics":[171],"optimizing":[173],"designs.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-10T16:38:18.471706","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
