{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408998561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521","title":"Loop-Back Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Secure and Scalable Multi-Node Quantum Networks","display_name":"Loop-Back Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) for Secure and Scalable Multi-Node Quantum Networks","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408998561","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/521/pdf?version=1743324772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/521/pdf?version=1743324772","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076974112","display_name":"Luis Adri\u00e1n Lizama-P\u00e9rez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5109-2927"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75778554","display_name":"Federico Santa Mar\u00eda Technical University","ror":"https://ror.org/05510vn56","country_code":"CL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75778554"]}],"countries":["CL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Luis Adri\u00e1n Lizama-Perez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 3939, San Joaqu\u00edn, Santiago 8940897, Chile"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica, Universidad T\u00e9cnica Federico Santa Mar\u00eda, Av. Vicu\u00f1a Mackenna 3939, San Joaqu\u00edn, Santiago 8940897, Chile","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75778554"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009780735","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 Mauricio L\u00f3pez-Romero","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3435-9241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I68368234","display_name":"Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/009eqmr18","country_code":"MX","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59361560","https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}],"countries":["MX"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. M. L\u00f3pez-Romero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cinvestav Quer\u00e9taro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Real de Juriquilla, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cinvestav Quer\u00e9taro, Libramiento Norponiente 2000, Real de Juriquilla, Santiago de Quer\u00e9taro 76230, Quer\u00e9taro, Mexico","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I68368234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076974112"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75778554"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":5.7199,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95056816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"521","last_page":"521"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","score":0.8846454620361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5972154140472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-network","display_name":"Quantum network","score":0.5348571538925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.5156111121177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.4756488502025604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.47544360160827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-cryptography","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","score":0.45652782917022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/node","display_name":"Node (physics)","score":0.4478623569011688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4466554522514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32516908645629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.25921207666397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-computer","display_name":"Quantum computer","score":0.25229352712631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-information","display_name":"Quantum information","score":0.23212653398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.15862959623336792}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95466800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298","display_name":"Quantum key distribution","level":3,"score":0.8846454620361328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5972154140472412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186468114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836478","display_name":"Quantum network","level":4,"score":0.5348571538925171},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.5156111121177673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.4756488502025604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.47544360160827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144901912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471906","display_name":"Quantum cryptography","level":4,"score":0.45652782917022705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62611344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1062658","display_name":"Node (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4478623569011688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4466554522514343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32516908645629883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.25921207666397095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58053490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176555","display_name":"Quantum computer","level":3,"score":0.25229352712631226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169699857","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2122243","display_name":"Quantum information","level":3,"score":0.23212653398513794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.15862959623336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/521/pdf?version=1743324772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040521","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040521","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/521/pdf?version=1743324772","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408998561.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1516550212","https://openalex.org/W1628268027","https://openalex.org/W1965807593","https://openalex.org/W1988134541","https://openalex.org/W1990507705","https://openalex.org/W2006226307","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2017142013","https://openalex.org/W2020272675","https://openalex.org/W2054577910","https://openalex.org/W2078378915","https://openalex.org/W2079603077","https://openalex.org/W2110033949","https://openalex.org/W2114448201","https://openalex.org/W2121114422","https://openalex.org/W2134962837","https://openalex.org/W2143255200","https://openalex.org/W2165923712","https://openalex.org/W2508902623","https://openalex.org/W2560859734","https://openalex.org/W2799278992","https://openalex.org/W2948602808","https://openalex.org/W3008629526","https://openalex.org/W4308427789","https://openalex.org/W4378214526","https://openalex.org/W4390547699","https://openalex.org/W4401113345","https://openalex.org/W4402453785","https://openalex.org/W6764599029"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4312132309","https://openalex.org/W2916069885","https://openalex.org/W4221147165","https://openalex.org/W4240944159","https://openalex.org/W2147369345","https://openalex.org/W4321151520","https://openalex.org/W4384158840","https://openalex.org/W2105140999","https://openalex.org/W2903657089","https://openalex.org/W3217264812"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quantum":[0],"key":[1,65,151],"distribution":[2,66],"(QKD)":[3],"is":[4],"a":[5,36,53,76,149,171],"cornerstone":[6],"of":[7,148],"secure":[8,175],"communication":[9,177],"in":[10,26,178],"the":[11,61,69,146],"quantum":[12,70,182],"era,":[13],"yet":[14],"most":[15],"existing":[16],"protocols":[17],"are":[18,91],"designed":[19],"for":[20,174],"point-to-point":[21],"transmission,":[22],"limiting":[23],"their":[24],"scalability":[25],"networked":[27],"environments.":[28],"In":[29],"this":[30,141],"work,":[31],"we":[32],"introduce":[33],"Loop-Back":[34,83,110,133],"QKD,":[35],"novel":[37],"QKD":[38,81,84,103,111,134,157],"protocol":[39,62],"that":[40,131],"supports":[41],"both":[42],"two-party":[43],"linear":[44],"configurations":[45],"and":[46,57,101,123,180],"scalable":[47],"multiuser":[48,176],"ring":[49],"topologies.":[50],"By":[51],"leveraging":[52],"structured":[54],"turn-based":[55],"mechanism":[56],"bidirectional":[58],"pulse":[59],"propagation,":[60],"enables":[63],"efficient":[64],"while":[67],"reducing":[68,118],"bit":[71],"error":[72],"rate":[73,152],"(QBER)":[74],"through":[75],"multi-pulse":[77,132],"approach.":[78],"Unlike":[79],"trusted-node":[80],"networks,":[82],"eliminates":[85],"intermediate-node":[86],"vulnerabilities,":[87],"as":[88],"secret":[89],"keys":[90],"never":[92],"processed":[93],"by":[94],"intermediate":[95],"nodes.":[96],"Furthermore,":[97],"unlike":[98],"Measurement-Device-Independent":[99],"(MDI-QKD)":[100],"Twin-Field":[102],"(TF-QKD),":[104],"which":[105],"require":[106],"complex":[107],"entanglement-based":[108],"setups,":[109],"relies":[112],"solely":[113],"on":[114],"direct":[115],"polarization":[116],"transformations,":[117],"vulnerability":[119],"to":[120,155],"side-channel":[121],"attacks":[122],"practical":[124],"implementation":[125],"challenges.":[126],"Additionally,":[127],"our":[128],"analysis":[129],"indicates":[130],"can":[135],"tolerate":[136],"higher":[137],"QBER":[138],"thresholds.":[139],"However,":[140],"increased":[142],"robustness":[143,164],"comes":[144],"at":[145],"cost":[147],"lower":[150],"efficiency":[153],"compared":[154],"standard":[156],"schemes.":[158],"This":[159],"design":[160],"choice":[161],"enhances":[162],"its":[163],"against":[165],"real-world":[166],"adversarial":[167],"threats,":[168],"making":[169],"it":[170],"strong":[172],"candidate":[173],"local":[179],"metropolitan-scale":[181],"networks.":[183]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-28T23:10:05.387466","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}