{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408892944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040496","title":"Enhancing Cryptocurrency Security: Leveraging Embeddings and Large Language Models for Creating Cryptocurrency Security Expert Systems","display_name":"Enhancing Cryptocurrency Security: Leveraging Embeddings and Large Language Models for Creating Cryptocurrency Security Expert Systems","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408892944","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040496"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040496","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/496/pdf?version=1742974886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/496/pdf?version=1742974886","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044624136","display_name":"Ahmed Mohamed Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3605-5295"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57629906","display_name":"Nile University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cg7cp61","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57629906"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed A. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Cairo 12588, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3605-5295","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Cairo 12588, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57629906"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086270613","display_name":"Heba K. Aslan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-5378"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156128","display_name":"Electronics Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0532wcf75","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094263","https://openalex.org/I4210156128"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57629906","display_name":"Nile University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cg7cp61","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57629906"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Heba K. Aslan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Cairo 12588, Egypt","Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0821-5378","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Cairo 12588, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57629906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087657491","display_name":"Mohamed S. Abdallah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-625X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210156128","display_name":"Electronics Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/0532wcf75","country_code":"EG","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094263","https://openalex.org/I4210156128"]}],"countries":["EG","KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed S. Abdallah","raw_affiliation_strings":["AI Laboratory, DeltaX Co., Ltd., 5F, 590 Gyeongin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08213, Republic of Korea","Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea","Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7351-625X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"AI Laboratory, DeltaX Co., Ltd., 5F, 590 Gyeongin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08213, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Informatics Department, Electronics Research Institute (ERI), Cairo 11843, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210156128"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023896107","display_name":"Young Im Cho","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-7599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12832649","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Young-Im Cho","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-7599","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13415, Republic of Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026193065","display_name":"Marianne A. Azer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-5120"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165434","display_name":"National Telecommunications Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/05g82f642","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210165434"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57629906","display_name":"Nile University","ror":"https://ror.org/03cg7cp61","country_code":"EG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57629906"]}],"countries":["EG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marianne A. Azer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Cairo 12588, Egypt","National Telecommunication Institute, Cairo 12578, Egypt"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8068-5120","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Information Technology and Computer Science, Nile University, Cairo 12588, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57629906"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"National Telecommunication Institute, Cairo 12578, Egypt","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165434"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5023896107","https://openalex.org/A5087657491"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12832649","https://openalex.org/I4210156128"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":3.4325,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91390816,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"4","first_page":"496","last_page":"496"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11719","display_name":"Data Quality and Management","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9830999970436096,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cryptocurrency","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","score":0.959357500076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7178364396095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5546200275421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-analysis","display_name":"Security analysis","score":0.425589382648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security-model","display_name":"Computer security model","score":0.4108163118362427}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180706569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13479982","display_name":"Cryptocurrency","level":2,"score":0.959357500076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7178364396095276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5546200275421143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38369872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7445009","display_name":"Security analysis","level":2,"score":0.425589382648468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121822524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157582","display_name":"Computer security model","level":2,"score":0.4108163118362427}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040496","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/496/pdf?version=1742974886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17040496","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17040496","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/4/496/pdf?version=1742974886","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2215510191","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1415181629","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321366","funder_display_name":"Gachon University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4943792234","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1415180835","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321366","funder_display_name":"Gachon University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321366","display_name":"Gachon University","ror":"https://ror.org/03ryywt80"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408892944.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2586112617","https://openalex.org/W2624307925","https://openalex.org/W2888906736","https://openalex.org/W2907521963","https://openalex.org/W2978769081","https://openalex.org/W4226346873","https://openalex.org/W4242700969","https://openalex.org/W4308935283","https://openalex.org/W4323312758","https://openalex.org/W4327601931","https://openalex.org/W4381486847","https://openalex.org/W4386214355","https://openalex.org/W4387067912","https://openalex.org/W4391582407","https://openalex.org/W4392737178","https://openalex.org/W4394580124","https://openalex.org/W4395700348","https://openalex.org/W4399268971","https://openalex.org/W4399338566","https://openalex.org/W4401024791","https://openalex.org/W4401042479","https://openalex.org/W4401770219","https://openalex.org/W4402354012","https://openalex.org/W4404700322","https://openalex.org/W4406858760","https://openalex.org/W4406939706","https://openalex.org/W4407070057","https://openalex.org/W4407937958","https://openalex.org/W4408862660","https://openalex.org/W6856270435","https://openalex.org/W6889691093"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2152415989","https://openalex.org/W2378688856","https://openalex.org/W1608889792","https://openalex.org/W2549439785","https://openalex.org/W2977630600","https://openalex.org/W2593530783","https://openalex.org/W2756104523"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,11,47,157,183,281],"rapid":[4],"growth":[5],"of":[6,19,23,127,159,199,218,222,227,259],"cryptocurrency":[7,43,187,200,282],"markets":[8],"has":[9],"highlighted":[10],"urgent":[12],"need":[13],"for":[14,171,276],"advanced":[15,114],"security":[16,71,104,184,235,278],"solutions":[17,279],"capable":[18],"addressing":[20],"a":[21,38,102,137,143,168,176,196,220,225,230,273],"spectrum":[22],"unique":[24],"threats,":[25],"from":[26,88],"phishing":[27],"and":[28,62,69,113,129,142,153,162,178,210,224,241,263],"wallet":[29],"hacks":[30],"to":[31,41,79,181,238],"complex":[32],"blockchain":[33,211],"vulnerabilities.":[34,95],"This":[35,165],"paper":[36],"presents":[37],"comprehensive":[39],"approach":[40,180,247],"fortifying":[42],"systems":[44],"by":[45,155],"harnessing":[46],"structural":[48,133],"symmetry":[49,158,185],"inherent":[50],"in":[51,186,280],"transactional":[52],"patterns.":[53,164],"By":[54,135],"leveraging":[55,156],"local":[56],"large":[57],"language":[58],"models":[59],"(LLMs),":[60],"embeddings,":[61],"vector":[63,144,264],"databases,":[64],"we":[65,100,148],"develop":[66],"an":[67,216],"intelligent":[68],"scalable":[70,177],"expert":[72,105,191],"system":[73,106,118,192,214],"that":[74,91,107],"exploits":[75],"symmetry-based":[76],"anomaly":[77,270],"detection":[78,126,244,252],"enhance":[80],"threat":[81,204,251],"identification.":[82],"Cryptocurrency":[83],"networks":[84],"face":[85],"increasing":[86],"threats":[87,130],"sophisticated":[89],"attacks":[90],"often":[92],"exploit":[93],"asymmetric":[94],"To":[96],"counteract":[97],"these":[98],"risks,":[99],"propose":[101],"novel":[103],"integrates":[108],"symmetry-aware":[109],"analysis":[110],"through":[111],"LLMs":[112,260],"embedding":[115],"techniques.":[116],"Our":[117],"efficiently":[119],"captures":[120],"symmetrical":[121],"transaction":[122,160],"patterns,":[123],"enabling":[124],"robust":[125],"anomalies":[128],"while":[131,253],"preserving":[132],"integrity.":[134],"integrating":[136],"modular":[138],"framework":[139],"with":[140,261],"LangChain":[141],"database":[145],"(Chroma":[146],"DB),":[147],"achieve":[149],"improved":[150],"accuracy,":[151],"recall,":[152],"precision":[154,221],"distributions":[161],"behavioral":[163],"work":[166],"sets":[167],"new":[169,274],"benchmark":[170,197,275],"LLM-driven":[172],"cybersecurity":[173],"solutions,":[174],"offering":[175],"adaptive":[179],"reinforcing":[182],"systems.":[188],"The":[189,213,257],"proposed":[190],"was":[193],"evaluated":[194],"using":[195],"dataset":[198],"transactions,":[201,209],"including":[202],"real-world":[203],"scenarios":[205],"involving":[206],"phishing,":[207],"fraudulent":[208],"anomalies.":[212],"achieved":[215],"accuracy":[217],"92%,":[219],"89%,":[223],"recall":[226],"93%,":[228],"demonstrating":[229],"10%":[231],"improvement":[232],"over":[233],"existing":[234],"frameworks.":[236],"Compared":[237],"traditional":[239],"rule-based":[240],"machine":[242],"learning-based":[243],"methods,":[245],"our":[246],"significantly":[248],"enhances":[249],"real-time":[250],"reducing":[254],"false":[255],"positives.":[256],"integration":[258],"embeddings":[262],"retrieval":[265],"enables":[266],"more":[267],"efficient":[268],"contextual":[269],"detection,":[271],"setting":[272],"AI-driven":[277],"domain.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}