{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4408090941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030379","title":"A Novel Two- and Three-Player Scheme for Quantum Direct Communication","display_name":"A Novel Two- and Three-Player Scheme for Quantum Direct Communication","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-03-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4408090941","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030379"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/379/pdf?version=1740994687","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/379/pdf?version=1740994687","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110317904","display_name":"Theodore Andronikos","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I187792471","display_name":"Ionian University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xm4n520","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Theodore Andronikos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3741-1271","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, Ionian University, 7 Tsirigoti Square, 49100 Corfu, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013806321","display_name":"Alla Sirokofskich","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200777214","display_name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens","ror":"https://ror.org/04gnjpq42","country_code":"GR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}],"countries":["GR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alla Sirokofskich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of History and Philosophy of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of History and Philosophy of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15771 Athens, Greece","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200777214"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110317904"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I187792471"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.2699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82798989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"379","last_page":"379"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10682","display_name":"Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","score":0.606559693813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5570632815361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.5252075791358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.272392213344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2531394958496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.1504892110824585}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.606559693813324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5570632815361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.5252075791358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.272392213344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2531394958496094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.1504892110824585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/379/pdf?version=1740994687","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030379","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030379","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/379/pdf?version=1740994687","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4408090941.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":88,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W566766357","https://openalex.org/W1784015753","https://openalex.org/W1845172218","https://openalex.org/W1959936891","https://openalex.org/W1964301469","https://openalex.org/W1966637168","https://openalex.org/W1967282036","https://openalex.org/W1972333091","https://openalex.org/W1972907022","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W2015179126","https://openalex.org/W2017142013","https://openalex.org/W2019018899","https://openalex.org/W2019112050","https://openalex.org/W2019336689","https://openalex.org/W2026978080","https://openalex.org/W2040687523","https://openalex.org/W2049471987","https://openalex.org/W2051051926","https://openalex.org/W2057592066","https://openalex.org/W2062854284","https://openalex.org/W2063942065","https://openalex.org/W2078649733","https://openalex.org/W2084652510","https://openalex.org/W2093144089","https://openalex.org/W2129474648","https://openalex.org/W2131705908","https://openalex.org/W2168676717","https://openalex.org/W2398661519","https://openalex.org/W2526826654","https://openalex.org/W2565218484","https://openalex.org/W2600523977","https://openalex.org/W2730215440","https://openalex.org/W2785764361","https://openalex.org/W2886827912","https://openalex.org/W2891574058","https://openalex.org/W2895182117","https://openalex.org/W2911060126","https://openalex.org/W2913851998","https://openalex.org/W2921462153","https://openalex.org/W2962826354","https://openalex.org/W2963048607","https://openalex.org/W2963490414","https://openalex.org/W2963636894","https://openalex.org/W2963898955","https://openalex.org/W3012816496","https://openalex.org/W3017049254","https://openalex.org/W3037687804","https://openalex.org/W3038125555","https://openalex.org/W3098547600","https://openalex.org/W3121069249","https://openalex.org/W3125588306","https://openalex.org/W3157087824","https://openalex.org/W3161947249","https://openalex.org/W3171866447","https://openalex.org/W3180378108","https://openalex.org/W3191739593","https://openalex.org/W3210609580","https://openalex.org/W3210746863","https://openalex.org/W3214044651","https://openalex.org/W4211058570","https://openalex.org/W4213384622","https://openalex.org/W4226075590","https://openalex.org/W4244938330","https://openalex.org/W4281253650","https://openalex.org/W4288740627","https://openalex.org/W4291940766","https://openalex.org/W4294660179","https://openalex.org/W4295934977","https://openalex.org/W4315644969","https://openalex.org/W4318817188","https://openalex.org/W4319080102","https://openalex.org/W4321498089","https://openalex.org/W4362588172","https://openalex.org/W4385069874","https://openalex.org/W4386165107","https://openalex.org/W4389887833","https://openalex.org/W4389915920","https://openalex.org/W4391612060","https://openalex.org/W4391948471","https://openalex.org/W4392506174","https://openalex.org/W4401910496","https://openalex.org/W4402040435","https://openalex.org/W4403280298","https://openalex.org/W4404931578","https://openalex.org/W4406868987","https://openalex.org/W4407158326","https://openalex.org/W6788745305"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,53,113],"paper":[1],"introduces":[2],"two":[3],"information-theoretically":[4],"quantum":[5,187,205,219],"secure":[6],"direct":[7],"communication":[8],"protocols":[9,33,208],"that":[10,133,140],"accomplish":[11],"information":[12,47,60,132],"exchange":[13],"between":[14],"Alice":[15,170],"and":[16,22,26,70,91,174,193,227],"Bob":[17],"in":[18,28,48,78,118,156,197],"the":[19,29,45,49,58,64,110,130,144,148,160,200,210],"first":[20,171],"case,":[21],"among":[23],"Alice,":[24,138],"Bob,":[25],"Charlie":[27],"second":[30,82,111],"case.":[31],"Both":[32],"use":[34],"a":[35,71,100,164],"novel":[36],"method,":[37],"different":[38],"from":[39],"existing":[40],"similar":[41],"protocols,":[42],"to":[43,75,99,137,162],"embed":[44],"secret":[46,59,131],"entangled":[50],"compound":[51],"system.":[52],"new":[54],"way":[55],"of":[56,63,67,85,199,203,214],"encoding":[57],"is":[61,88,115],"one":[62,157],"main":[65],"novelties":[66],"this":[68,79,151],"paper,":[69],"distinguishing":[72],"feature":[73],"compared":[74],"previous":[76],"works":[77],"field.":[80],"A":[81],"critical":[83],"advantage":[84,213],"our":[86,207],"method":[87],"its":[89],"scalability":[90],"extensibility":[92],"because":[93],"it":[94,190],"can":[95,153],"be":[96,135,154],"seamlessly":[97],"generalized":[98],"setting":[101],"involving":[102],"three,":[103],"or":[104,186],"more,":[105],"players,":[106],"as":[107,221],"demonstrated":[108],"by":[109],"protocol.":[112],"trait":[114],"extremely":[116],"beneficial":[117],"many":[119,123],"real-life":[120],"situations,":[121],"where":[122,169],"spatially":[124],"separated":[125],"players":[126],"posses":[127],"only":[128,223],"part":[129],"must":[134],"transmitted":[136],"so":[139],"she":[141],"may":[142],"obtain":[143],"complete":[145],"secret.":[146],"Using":[147],"three-player":[149],"protocol,":[150],"task":[152],"achieved":[155],"go,":[158],"without":[159],"need":[161],"apply":[163],"typical":[165],"QSDC":[166],"protocol":[167,180],"twice,":[168],"receives":[172],"Bob\u2019s":[173],"then":[175],"Charlie\u2019s":[176],"information.":[177],"The":[178],"proposed":[179],"does":[181],"not":[182],"require":[183,224],"pre-shared":[184],"keys":[185],"signatures,":[188],"making":[189],"less":[191],"complicated":[192],"more":[194],"straightforward.":[195],"Finally,":[196],"anticipation":[198],"coming":[201],"era":[202],"distributed":[204],"computing,":[206],"offer":[209],"important":[211],"practical":[212],"straightforward":[215],"implementation":[216],"on":[217],"contemporary":[218],"computers,":[220],"they":[222],"standard":[225],"CNOT":[226],"Hadamard":[228],"gates.":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-03-03T00:00:00"}