{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407995899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030360","title":"Critical Review of Zitterbewegung Electron Models","display_name":"Critical Review of Zitterbewegung Electron Models","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407995899","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030360"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/360/pdf?version=1740651361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/360/pdf?version=1740651361","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110148430","display_name":"Marc Fleury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8308-2640"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I114395901","display_name":"University of Nebraska\u2013Lincoln","ror":"https://ror.org/043mer456","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marc J. J. Fleury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046711035","display_name":"Olivier Rousselle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7494-2135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I67751107","display_name":"ILC Dover (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/004j18068","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I67751107"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139787848","display_name":"Capital University","ror":"https://ror.org/00jy9e726","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139787848"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Olivier Rousselle","raw_affiliation_strings":["LENR Capital LLC, Dover, DE 19904, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LENR Capital LLC, Dover, DE 19904, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I67751107","https://openalex.org/I139787848"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5110148430"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I114395901"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.6999,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66422502,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"360","last_page":"360"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12039","display_name":"Electron and X-Ray Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2508","display_name":"Surfaces, Coatings and Films"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10049","display_name":"Magnetic properties of thin films","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13531","display_name":"Surface and Thin Film Phenomena","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/zitterbewegung","display_name":"Zitterbewegung","score":0.9515033960342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.558912992477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electron","display_name":"Electron","score":0.48139452934265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-electrodynamics","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","score":0.3584989011287689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3507416546344757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.3311784863471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.2258111834526062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779577033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206604","display_name":"Zitterbewegung","level":3,"score":0.9515033960342407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.558912992477417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147120987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2225","display_name":"Electron","level":2,"score":0.48139452934265137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3079626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q234881","display_name":"Quantum electrodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3584989011287689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3507416546344757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.3311784863471985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.2258111834526062}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/360/pdf?version=1740651361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030360","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030360","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/360/pdf?version=1740651361","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407995899.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W581666960","https://openalex.org/W1517867857","https://openalex.org/W1980160396","https://openalex.org/W1990087446","https://openalex.org/W2006551790","https://openalex.org/W2022718409","https://openalex.org/W2075944006","https://openalex.org/W2078414531","https://openalex.org/W2081657577","https://openalex.org/W2113257679","https://openalex.org/W2169327677","https://openalex.org/W2471547335","https://openalex.org/W2626688455","https://openalex.org/W2893651183","https://openalex.org/W3111020089","https://openalex.org/W4200060679","https://openalex.org/W4400296330","https://openalex.org/W4400692397","https://openalex.org/W4404947492","https://openalex.org/W6616968101","https://openalex.org/W6720363850","https://openalex.org/W6748127591","https://openalex.org/W6754943655"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W1981549317","https://openalex.org/W2050460417","https://openalex.org/W1565144238","https://openalex.org/W1980435238","https://openalex.org/W2039545505","https://openalex.org/W4238623601","https://openalex.org/W3203034040","https://openalex.org/W4287257389","https://openalex.org/W1990873175"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,38],"critical":[4],"review":[5],"of":[6,10,32,40,59],"existing":[7],"Zitterbewegung":[8],"models":[9],"the":[11,28,41,60],"electron,":[12],"assessing":[13],"their":[14],"compatibility":[15],"with":[16],"Dirac":[17],"theory,":[18],"special":[19],"relativity,":[20],"and":[21,30,66],"observed":[22],"particle":[23,49],"physics":[24],"data.":[25],"We":[26],"highlight":[27],"strengths":[29],"limitations":[31],"each":[33],"model,":[34],"while":[35],"also":[36],"introducing":[37],"perspective":[39],"electron":[42],"based":[43],"on":[44],"field":[45],"dynamics":[46],"rather":[47],"than":[48],"concepts.":[50],"Our":[51],"aim":[52],"is":[53],"to":[54],"determine":[55],"whether":[56],"fundamental":[57],"properties":[58],"electron\u2014such":[61],"as":[62],"spin,":[63],"charge,":[64],"mass,":[65],"relativistic":[67],"behavior\u2014can":[68],"be":[69],"derived":[70],"from":[71],"first":[72],"principles.":[73]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-12-19T19:40:27.379048","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}