{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4407815533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030321","title":"Advanced Algorithms in Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review","display_name":"Advanced Algorithms in Battery Management Systems for Electric Vehicles: A Comprehensive Review","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-02-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4407815533","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030321"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030321","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/321/pdf?version=1740105208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/321/pdf?version=1740105208","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103280033","display_name":"Anith Khairunnisa Ghazali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3141-9447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anith Khairunnisa Ghazali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112335238","display_name":"Nor Azlina Ab. Aziz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nor Azlina Ab. Aziz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Multimedia University, Melaka 75450, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020694055","display_name":"Mohd Khair Hassan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5992-3892"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Khair Hassan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5112335238"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":19.4436,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":29,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99630911,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"17","issue":"3","first_page":"321","last_page":"321"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10768","display_name":"Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure","score":0.9927999973297119,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10018","display_name":"Advancements in Battery Materials","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6057238578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/battery","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","score":0.48891082406044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4704377055168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.080097496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.06332787871360779}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6057238578796387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.48891082406044006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4704377055168152},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.080097496509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.06332787871360779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030321","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/321/pdf?version=1740105208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:shdl.mmu.edu.my:13686","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196753","display_name":"Siti Hasmah Digital Library-MMU Institutiona Repository (Multimedia University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I173029219","host_organization_name":"Multimedia University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173029219"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"NonPeerReviewed"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym17030321","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym17030321","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/17/3/321/pdf?version=1740105208","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7654195369","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MMUI/230034","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","funder_display_name":"Multimedia University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320313202","display_name":"Multimedia University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zrbnc33"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4407815533.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":75,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W628349452","https://openalex.org/W2095027161","https://openalex.org/W2151997147","https://openalex.org/W2180987904","https://openalex.org/W2415876465","https://openalex.org/W2768123366","https://openalex.org/W2774327138","https://openalex.org/W2793725683","https://openalex.org/W2956063092","https://openalex.org/W2980179141","https://openalex.org/W2988243667","https://openalex.org/W2998767636","https://openalex.org/W3007511163","https://openalex.org/W3010650434","https://openalex.org/W3013114962","https://openalex.org/W3043562771","https://openalex.org/W3128136985","https://openalex.org/W3130031656","https://openalex.org/W3134988692","https://openalex.org/W3140618672","https://openalex.org/W3167644726","https://openalex.org/W3170782912","https://openalex.org/W3188426409","https://openalex.org/W3191375430","https://openalex.org/W3191549510","https://openalex.org/W3194951344","https://openalex.org/W3217678250","https://openalex.org/W4206382439","https://openalex.org/W4211221502","https://openalex.org/W4226153134","https://openalex.org/W4280547514","https://openalex.org/W4281620164","https://openalex.org/W4283575960","https://openalex.org/W4289520220","https://openalex.org/W4294000456","https://openalex.org/W4296990898","https://openalex.org/W4309639898","https://openalex.org/W4312246237","https://openalex.org/W4313538719","https://openalex.org/W4319999930","https://openalex.org/W4322630610","https://openalex.org/W4322731080","https://openalex.org/W4323661392","https://openalex.org/W4327782961","https://openalex.org/W4360859089","https://openalex.org/W4379203694","https://openalex.org/W4383226190","https://openalex.org/W4383617503","https://openalex.org/W4385694940","https://openalex.org/W4386072151","https://openalex.org/W4386196424","https://openalex.org/W4386953467","https://openalex.org/W4387050594","https://openalex.org/W4388081226","https://openalex.org/W4389104635","https://openalex.org/W4391877458","https://openalex.org/W4392870249","https://openalex.org/W4394710180","https://openalex.org/W4395443373","https://openalex.org/W4398206336","https://openalex.org/W4399426422","https://openalex.org/W4399563908","https://openalex.org/W4399644670","https://openalex.org/W4400331487","https://openalex.org/W4401105727","https://openalex.org/W4401742402","https://openalex.org/W4401933199","https://openalex.org/W4402368190","https://openalex.org/W4403127421","https://openalex.org/W4405248016","https://openalex.org/W4406144000","https://openalex.org/W6791214149","https://openalex.org/W6791885425","https://openalex.org/W6846982181","https://openalex.org/W6859081692"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electric":[0],"vehicles":[1,5,31],"and":[2,23,51,95,124,138,143,157,165],"hybrid":[3],"electric":[4],"(EV)":[6],"are":[7,32,67,104],"increasingly":[8],"common":[9],"on":[10,27,73,119,170],"roads":[11],"today":[12],"compared":[13],"to":[14],"a":[15,24],"decade":[16],"ago,":[17],"driven":[18],"by":[19,34],"advancements":[20],"in":[21,147,159],"technology":[22],"growing":[25],"focus":[26],"sustainable":[28],"transportation.":[29],"These":[30,127],"powered":[33],"rechargeable":[35],"lithium-ion":[36],"batteries.":[37,56],"A":[38],"battery":[39,145],"management":[40],"system":[41],"(BMS)":[42],"is":[43],"indispensable":[44],"for":[45,64,102,110,155],"ensuring":[46],"the":[47,54,60,80,160,171],"optimal":[48],"performance,":[49],"safety,":[50],"longevity":[52],"of":[53,77,82,87,92,97,162,173],"EV\u2019s":[55],"In":[57],"this":[58],"review,":[59],"latest":[61],"algorithm":[62],"trends":[63],"BMS":[65,78,103,174],"software":[66],"discussed.":[68],"This":[69,150],"work":[70,151],"also":[71],"focuses":[72],"several":[74],"key":[75],"functionalities":[76],"like":[79],"state":[81,86,91,96],"charge":[83],"(SOC)":[84],"estimation,":[85],"health":[88],"(SOH)":[89],"monitoring,":[90],"energy":[93],"(SOE),":[94],"power":[98],"(SOP).":[99],"Advanced":[100],"algorithms":[101,128],"comprehensively":[105],"reviewed,":[106],"including":[107],"those":[108,116,168],"designed":[109],"specific":[111],"functionalities,":[112],"as":[113,115,133],"well":[114],"developed":[117],"based":[118],"existing":[120],"optimization,":[121],"artificial":[122],"intelligence,":[123],"estimation":[125],"algorithms.":[126],"address":[129],"critical":[130],"challenges":[131],"such":[132],"maintaining":[134],"symmetry":[135],"during":[136],"charging":[137],"discharging,":[139],"preventing":[140],"thermal":[141],"runaway,":[142],"managing":[144],"faults":[146],"EV":[148,163],"systems.":[149],"provides":[152],"valuable":[153],"insights":[154],"researchers":[156],"practitioners":[158],"field":[161],"design":[164],"development,":[166],"particularly":[167],"focusing":[169],"advancement":[172],"technologies.":[175]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":21}],"updated_date":"2026-04-02T15:55:50.835912","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}