{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4404190623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111494","title":"Clean-Label Backdoor Watermarking for Dataset Copyright Protection via Trigger Optimization","display_name":"Clean-Label Backdoor Watermarking for Dataset Copyright Protection via Trigger Optimization","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-11-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4404190623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111494"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16111494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1494/pdf?version=1731052095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1494/pdf?version=1731052095","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102837293","display_name":"Weitong Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-5236"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weitong Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Knowledge Management and Intelligent Service, Yangzhou 225127, China","School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3619-5236","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Knowledge Management and Intelligent Service, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066672771","display_name":"Guangcun Wei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6428-7696"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gaoyang Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6428-7696","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xin Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4042-8674"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xin Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Knowledge Management and Intelligent Service, Yangzhou 225127, China","School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4042-8674","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Knowledge Management and Intelligent Service, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5009029522","display_name":"Yanyan Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-249X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210118728","display_name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing","ror":"https://ror.org/02bpap860","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyan Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3357-249X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210118728","https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062983364","display_name":"Haibo Peng","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haibo Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yingchen She","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingchen She","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Third Surveying and Mapping Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha 410018, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.2588,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8381477,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1494","last_page":"1494"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/watermark","display_name":"Watermark","score":0.8541871309280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-watermarking","display_name":"Digital watermarking","score":0.8366265296936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8020998239517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.7100266218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backdoor","display_name":"Backdoor","score":0.5320758819580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.458437979221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversary","display_name":"Adversary","score":0.4552820920944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4536074101924896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4496142268180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.44541385769844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4145433008670807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3665182292461395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3321640193462372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2556302547454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.07612308859825134}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164112704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7974348","display_name":"Watermark","level":3,"score":0.8541871309280396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150817343","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875932","display_name":"Digital watermarking","level":3,"score":0.8366265296936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8020998239517212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.7100266218185425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781045450","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254569","display_name":"Backdoor","level":2,"score":0.5320758819580078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.458437979221344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41065033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2825412","display_name":"Adversary","level":2,"score":0.4552820920944214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4536074101924896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4496142268180847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.44541385769844055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4145433008670807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3665182292461395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3321640193462372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2556302547454834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.07612308859825134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16111494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1494/pdf?version=1731052095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:915d3cc147984542a101ebd5c4e7f7cc","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/915d3cc147984542a101ebd5c4e7f7cc","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 1494 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16111494","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111494","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1494/pdf?version=1731052095","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4634761774","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22S01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","funder_display_name":"Wuhan University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4733565070","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ8334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5178404720","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42201444","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6257491134","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22S01","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6927008286","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2024JJ8334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8228683602","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"42271431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322843","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of\u00a0Hunan Province","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324116","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404190623.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4404190623.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1834627138","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2536626143","https://openalex.org/W2551176409","https://openalex.org/W2782812883","https://openalex.org/W2931743911","https://openalex.org/W2942091739","https://openalex.org/W2946948417","https://openalex.org/W2962785568","https://openalex.org/W2979417040","https://openalex.org/W2996800219","https://openalex.org/W3006625877","https://openalex.org/W3011235318","https://openalex.org/W3014625547","https://openalex.org/W3021297918","https://openalex.org/W3083185154","https://openalex.org/W3107337211","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3130689885","https://openalex.org/W3153990350","https://openalex.org/W3155739706","https://openalex.org/W4287118252","https://openalex.org/W4292121845","https://openalex.org/W4302012690","https://openalex.org/W4362714395","https://openalex.org/W4383199672","https://openalex.org/W4388867373","https://openalex.org/W4401437377","https://openalex.org/W6752600739","https://openalex.org/W6762585180","https://openalex.org/W6780735040","https://openalex.org/W6797144289","https://openalex.org/W6845886309"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137394636","https://openalex.org/W2358993821","https://openalex.org/W1516446231","https://openalex.org/W2098152888","https://openalex.org/W1559740347","https://openalex.org/W2040356834","https://openalex.org/W2080353903","https://openalex.org/W2385289568","https://openalex.org/W2381486749","https://openalex.org/W1514507288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"High-quality":[0],"datasets":[1,21],"are":[2,22,31],"essential":[3],"for":[4],"training":[5],"high-performance":[6],"models,":[7],"while":[8],"the":[9,44,68,71,81,93,99,107,125,136,143,148,151,163,168,176,194],"process":[10,96],"of":[11,46,70,80,106,150],"collection,":[12],"cleaning,":[13],"and":[14,182,187],"labeling":[15],"is":[16,114],"costly.":[17],"As":[18],"a":[19,54,85,133],"result,":[20],"considered":[23],"valuable":[24],"intellectual":[25],"property.":[26],"However,":[27],"when":[28],"security":[29],"mechanisms":[30],"symmetry-breaking,":[32],"creating":[33],"exploitable":[34],"vulnerabilities,":[35],"unauthorized":[36],"use":[37],"or":[38],"data":[39],"leakage":[40],"can":[41,159],"infringe":[42],"on":[43,62,84,154,167],"copyright":[45,69],"dataset":[47,59,72,113],"owners.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50],"study,":[51],"we":[52],"design":[53],"method":[55,178,196],"to":[56,66,191],"mount":[57],"clean-label":[58],"watermarking":[60,203],"based":[61,83],"trigger":[63,82],"optimization,":[64],"aiming":[65],"protect":[67],"from":[73,124],"infringement.":[74],"We":[75],"first":[76],"perform":[77],"iterative":[78],"optimization":[79],"surrogate":[86],"model,":[87],"with":[88,135,156],"targets":[89],"class":[90],"samples":[91,123,155],"guiding":[92],"updates.":[94],"The":[95,171],"ensures":[97],"that":[98,175],"optimized":[100,118],"triggers":[101,119],"contain":[102],"robust":[103],"feature":[104],"representations":[105],"watermark":[108,126,140],"target":[109,127],"class.":[110,128],"A":[111],"watermarked":[112,137,169],"obtained":[115],"by":[116],"embedding":[117],"into":[120],"randomly":[121],"selected":[122],"If":[129],"an":[130],"adversary":[131],"trains":[132],"model":[134,153,164],"dataset,":[138],"our":[139],"will":[141],"manipulate":[142],"model\u2019s":[144],"output.":[145],"By":[146],"observing":[147],"output":[149],"suspect":[152],"triggers,":[157],"it":[158],"be":[160],"determined":[161],"whether":[162],"was":[165],"trained":[166],"dataset.":[170],"experimental":[172],"results":[173],"demonstrate":[174],"proposed":[177,195],"exhibits":[179],"high":[180],"imperceptibility":[181],"strong":[183],"robustness":[184],"against":[185],"pruning":[186],"fine-tuning":[188],"attacks.":[189],"Compared":[190],"existing":[192],"methods,":[193],"significantly":[197],"improves":[198],"effectiveness":[199],"at":[200],"very":[201],"low":[202],"rates.":[204]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}