{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4403764861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111423","title":"Symmetric Connected U-Net with Multi-Head Self Attention (MHSA) and WGAN for Image Inpainting","display_name":"Symmetric Connected U-Net with Multi-Head Self Attention (MHSA) and WGAN for Image Inpainting","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-10-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4403764861","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111423"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16111423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111423","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1423/pdf?version=1729848145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1423/pdf?version=1729848145","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082226310","display_name":"Yanyang Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3072-5227"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210163873","display_name":"Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05es8as59","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210163873"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanyang Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451100, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3072-5227","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Industrial Technology, Zhengzhou 451100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210163873"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115593763","display_name":"Xiaopeng Ma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6043-8428"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaopeng Ma","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100632994","display_name":"Junjun Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6160-1246"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210094772","display_name":"Henan University of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/007wym039","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210094772"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Junjun Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software Engineering, Henan University of Engineering, Zhengzhou 451191, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210094772"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chenxian Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I38877650","display_name":"Zhengzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/04ypx8c21","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chenxian Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5115593763"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I38877650"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.6579,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67005328,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"11","first_page":"1423","last_page":"1423"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11105","display_name":"Advanced Image Processing Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inpainting","display_name":"Inpainting","score":0.9650435447692871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.7300251126289368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7101293206214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminator","display_name":"Discriminator","score":0.6991541385650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.6679791808128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/net","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","score":0.5959473252296448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5955706834793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.5899646282196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encoder","display_name":"Encoder","score":0.5750105977058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5375513434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.4951845705509186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.44943416118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.39752334356307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2742801904678345}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11727466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1628157","display_name":"Inpainting","level":3,"score":0.9650435447692871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7300251126289368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7101293206214905},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779803651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282088","display_name":"Discriminator","level":3,"score":0.6991541385650635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6679791808128357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14166107","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253829","display_name":"Net (polyhedron)","level":2,"score":0.5959473252296448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5955706834793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.5899646282196045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118505674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42586063","display_name":"Encoder","level":2,"score":0.5750105977058411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5375513434410095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.4951845705509186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.44943416118621826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.39752334356307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2742801904678345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16111423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111423","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1423/pdf?version=1729848145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7ad819729bea4878bd8d086bc9d46b6d","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/7ad819729bea4878bd8d086bc9d46b6d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 16, Iss 11, p 1423 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16111423","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16111423","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/11/1423/pdf?version=1729848145","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","score":0.75}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4201972981","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"222102220107","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8433463339","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"242102210101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","funder_display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336593","display_name":"Henan Provincial Science and Technology Research Project","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4403764861.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W2064076387","https://openalex.org/W2117539524","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2331128040","https://openalex.org/W2475287302","https://openalex.org/W2738588019","https://openalex.org/W2739748921","https://openalex.org/W2798365772","https://openalex.org/W2896324121","https://openalex.org/W2901936680","https://openalex.org/W2962793481","https://openalex.org/W2963270367","https://openalex.org/W2963920537","https://openalex.org/W2986661129","https://openalex.org/W3026446890","https://openalex.org/W3035512475","https://openalex.org/W3043547428","https://openalex.org/W3131500599","https://openalex.org/W3168686693","https://openalex.org/W3198031310","https://openalex.org/W3206335650","https://openalex.org/W4229991028","https://openalex.org/W4389724301","https://openalex.org/W4390327095","https://openalex.org/W4401118462","https://openalex.org/W6704369950","https://openalex.org/W6762633711"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293320219","https://openalex.org/W2953246223","https://openalex.org/W4283584549","https://openalex.org/W2554314924","https://openalex.org/W4288256692","https://openalex.org/W2998859928","https://openalex.org/W2366944513","https://openalex.org/W4381885966","https://openalex.org/W2969399009","https://openalex.org/W4398186750"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0,153],"study":[1,54,154],"presents":[2],"a":[3,36,51,111,169,175],"new":[4],"image":[5,70,103,144,184],"inpainting":[6,185],"model":[7,20,127],"based":[8],"on":[9],"U-Net":[10,45],"and":[11,61,90,161,174],"incorporating":[12],"the":[13,30,53,68,78,81,88,95,119,123,142,150,156,188],"Wasserstein":[14],"Generative":[15],"Adversarial":[16],"Network":[17,115],"(WGAN).":[18],"The":[19,63],"uses":[21],"skip":[22],"connections":[23],"to":[24,29,41,56,87,117,136,139,148,181],"connect":[25],"every":[26,106],"encoder":[27],"block":[28,107],"corresponding":[31],"decoder":[32],"block,":[33],"resulting":[34],"in":[35,172,178,187],"strictly":[37],"symmetrical":[38],"architecture":[39],"referred":[40],"as":[42,71],"Symmetric":[43],"Connected":[44],"(SC-Unet).":[46],"By":[47],"combining":[48],"SC-Unet":[49,109],"with":[50,97],"GAN,":[52],"aims":[55],"reconstruct":[57],"images":[58],"more":[59,98],"effectively":[60],"seamlessly.":[62],"traditional":[64],"discriminators":[65],"only":[66],"differentiate":[67],"entire":[69,143],"true":[72],"or":[73],"false.":[74],"In":[75],"this":[76],"study,":[77],"discriminator":[79],"calculated":[80],"probability":[82],"of":[83,108,122],"each":[84],"pixel":[85],"belonging":[86],"hole":[89],"non-hole":[91],"regions,":[92],"which":[93],"provided":[94],"generator":[96],"gradient":[99],"loss":[100],"information":[101],"for":[102,145,163],"inpainting.":[104],"Additionally,":[105],"incorporated":[110],"Dilated":[112],"Convolutional":[113],"Neural":[114],"(DCNN)":[116],"increase":[118],"receptive":[120],"field":[121],"convolutional":[124],"layers.":[125],"Our":[126,165],"also":[128],"integrated":[129],"Multi-Head":[130],"Self-Attention":[131],"(MHSA)":[132],"into":[133],"selected":[134],"blocks":[135],"enable":[137],"it":[138],"efficiently":[140],"search":[141],"suitable":[146],"content":[147],"fill":[149],"missing":[151],"areas.":[152],"adopts":[155],"publicly":[157],"available":[158],"datasets":[159],"CelebA-HQ":[160],"ImageNet":[162],"evaluation.":[164],"proposed":[166],"algorithm":[167],"demonstrates":[168],"10%":[170],"improvement":[171,177],"PSNR":[173],"2.94%":[176],"SSIM":[179],"compared":[180],"existing":[182],"representative":[183],"methods":[186],"experiment.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
