{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4402318488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091165","title":"Blood Damage Analysis within the FDA Benchmark Nozzle Geometry at Laminar Conditions: Prediction Sensitivities to Software and Non-Newtonian Viscosity Models","display_name":"Blood Damage Analysis within the FDA Benchmark Nozzle Geometry at Laminar Conditions: Prediction Sensitivities to Software and Non-Newtonian Viscosity Models","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-09-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4402318488","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091165"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16091165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/9/1165/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/9/1165/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014947593","display_name":"Gautham Krishnamoorthy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-5092"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Gautham Krishnamoorthy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7101, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5520-5092","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7101, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107043247","display_name":"Nasim Gholizadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24571045","display_name":"University of North Dakota","ror":"https://ror.org/04a5szx83","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nasim Gholizadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7101, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical Engineering, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58202-7101, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5014947593"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24571045"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.2013,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74876345,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"1165","last_page":"1165"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.9815000295639038,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11379","display_name":"Rheology and Fluid Dynamics Studies","score":0.972599983215332,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10173","display_name":"Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics","score":0.9502999782562256,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.7137348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laminar-flow","display_name":"Laminar flow","score":0.6860203146934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fluent","display_name":"Fluent","score":0.6633406281471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/newtonian-fluid","display_name":"Newtonian fluid","score":0.6477401256561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-fluid-dynamics","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","score":0.6230602264404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/non-newtonian-fluid","display_name":"Non-Newtonian fluid","score":0.5478359460830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reynolds-number","display_name":"Reynolds number","score":0.547016978263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.5283055305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nozzle","display_name":"Nozzle","score":0.457019567489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalized-newtonian-fluid","display_name":"Generalized Newtonian fluid","score":0.42108678817749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.41754817962646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscosity","display_name":"Viscosity","score":0.4046480655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.15910816192626953}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.7137348651885986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189452","display_name":"Laminar flow","level":2,"score":0.6860203146934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780411076","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462653","display_name":"Fluent","level":3,"score":0.6633406281471252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C294558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366968","display_name":"Newtonian fluid","level":2,"score":0.6477401256561279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1633027","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815820","display_name":"Computational fluid dynamics","level":2,"score":0.6230602264404297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84403224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860589","display_name":"Non-Newtonian fluid","level":2,"score":0.5478359460830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.547016978263855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.5283055305480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56200935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q250840","display_name":"Nozzle","level":2,"score":0.457019567489624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51336717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532445","display_name":"Generalized Newtonian fluid","level":4,"score":0.42108678817749023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.41754817962646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127172972","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128709","display_name":"Viscosity","level":2,"score":0.4046480655670166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.15910816192626953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165682214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461293","display_name":"Shear rate","level":3,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16091165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/9/1165/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dcd780d9e0d45389657e276ecaeb872","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dcd780d9e0d45389657e276ecaeb872","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 1165 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16091165","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091165","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/9/1165/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Zero hunger","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/2"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402318488.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4402318488.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1837791425","https://openalex.org/W1894486443","https://openalex.org/W1986052491","https://openalex.org/W1986184881","https://openalex.org/W1987843549","https://openalex.org/W1990140670","https://openalex.org/W2016707509","https://openalex.org/W2033116323","https://openalex.org/W2035032405","https://openalex.org/W2039195990","https://openalex.org/W2054466795","https://openalex.org/W2059473928","https://openalex.org/W2070438658","https://openalex.org/W2099000630","https://openalex.org/W2121710705","https://openalex.org/W2233103539","https://openalex.org/W2345224440","https://openalex.org/W2539320419","https://openalex.org/W2751414980","https://openalex.org/W2752470996","https://openalex.org/W2799340145","https://openalex.org/W2888101806","https://openalex.org/W2889969125","https://openalex.org/W2901473328","https://openalex.org/W2970844947","https://openalex.org/W3006701727","https://openalex.org/W3009092769","https://openalex.org/W3016269276","https://openalex.org/W3025005484","https://openalex.org/W3046691263","https://openalex.org/W3099365779","https://openalex.org/W3120945563","https://openalex.org/W3165296617","https://openalex.org/W3176177506","https://openalex.org/W3198670429","https://openalex.org/W4200342745","https://openalex.org/W4224325543","https://openalex.org/W4224861106","https://openalex.org/W4231498792","https://openalex.org/W6647070097","https://openalex.org/W6689403252"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974143196","https://openalex.org/W2726057547","https://openalex.org/W2885437529","https://openalex.org/W1500878582","https://openalex.org/W2091497446","https://openalex.org/W4388321978","https://openalex.org/W4225486950","https://openalex.org/W2324434119","https://openalex.org/W4310240031","https://openalex.org/W2055293444"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"There":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,135],"prevailing":[3],"consensus":[4],"that":[5,133],"most":[6],"Computational":[7],"Fluid":[8],"Dynamics":[9],"(CFD)":[10],"frameworks":[11],"can":[12,55],"accurately":[13],"predict":[14],"global":[15],"variables":[16],"under":[17],"laminar":[18],"flow":[19,65,70],"conditions":[20],"within":[21],"the":[22,126,131,140,153,158,171,192],"Food":[23],"and":[24,40,50,63,75,81,91,103,116,165,182],"Drug":[25],"Administration":[26],"(FDA)":[27],"benchmark":[28],"nozzle":[29],"geometry.":[30],"However,":[31],"variations":[32,190],"in":[33,47,113,161,174,179],"derived":[34],"variables,":[35],"such":[36],"as":[37],"strain":[38],"rate":[39],"vorticity,":[41],"may":[42],"arise":[43],"due":[44],"to":[45,60],"differences":[46],"numerical":[48],"solvers":[49],"gradient":[51],"evaluation":[52],"methods,":[53],"which":[54],"subsequently":[56],"impact":[57],"predictions":[58],"related":[59],"blood":[61,76],"damage":[62,185],"non-Newtonian":[64,83,111,136,159,193],"behavior.":[66],"To":[67],"examine":[68],"this,":[69],"symmetry":[71,101,148],"indices,":[72],"vortex":[73,105,177],"characteristics,":[74],"damage\u2014were":[77],"assessed":[78],"using":[79],"Newtonian":[80,127],"four":[82],"viscosity":[84],"models":[85,112,160,194],"with":[86,109,125,157],"CFD":[87],"codes":[88],"Ansys":[89,117,163,180],"Fluent":[90,164,181],"OpenFOAM":[92,115],"on":[93,170],"identical":[94],"meshes.":[95],"At":[96],"Reynolds":[97,197],"number":[98],"(Re)":[99],"500,":[100],"breakdown":[102,149],"complex":[104],"shapes":[106,178],"were":[107,122],"predicted":[108],"some":[110],"both":[114,162],"Fluent,":[118],"whereas":[119],"these":[120],"phenomena":[121],"not":[123],"observed":[124],"model.":[128],"This":[129],"contradicted":[130],"expectation":[132],"employing":[134],"model":[137],"would":[138],"delay":[139],"onset":[141],"of":[142],"turbulence.":[143],"Similarly,":[144],"at":[145,195],"Re":[146],"2000,":[147],"occurred":[150],"sooner":[151],"(following":[152],"sudden":[154],"expansion":[155],"section)":[156],"OpenFOAM.":[166,183],"Vortex":[167],"identification":[168],"based":[169],"Q-criterion":[172],"resulted":[173],"distinctly":[175],"different":[176],"Blood":[184],"assessments":[186],"showed":[187],"greater":[188],"prediction":[189],"among":[191],"lower":[196],"numbers.":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}