{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401960121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116","title":"A Virtual Synchronous Generator-Based Control Strategy and Pre-Synchronization Method for a Four-Leg Inverter under Unbalanced Loads","display_name":"A Virtual Synchronous Generator-Based Control Strategy and Pre-Synchronization Method for a Four-Leg Inverter under Unbalanced Loads","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401960121","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16091116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104075604","display_name":"Zhenshan Huang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenshan Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100662210","display_name":"Zhijie Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8862-9847"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhijie Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050440016","display_name":"Gang Shen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4787-0324"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gang Shen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Rail Transportation, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Rail Transportation, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100633721","display_name":"Ke\u2010Jun Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7255-9044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kejun Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7255-9044","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100859803","display_name":"Yuan\u2010Zong Song","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanzong Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041902094","display_name":"Baihe Su","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baihe Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The School of Electrical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.9446,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7175236,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"9","first_page":"1116","last_page":"1116"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13183","display_name":"Islanding Detection in Power Systems","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10175","display_name":"Advanced DC-DC Converters","score":0.9585999846458435,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inverter","display_name":"Inverter","score":0.7620956897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7604215145111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronization","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","score":0.6848947405815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.5765931606292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5452758073806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.5444861054420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generator","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","score":0.4309741258621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ac-power","display_name":"AC power","score":0.42131558060646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/grid","display_name":"Grid","score":0.415828675031662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.29937177896499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2989588677883148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.10816016793251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10511726140975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06731736660003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.05920767784118652}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11190779","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q664575","display_name":"Inverter","level":3,"score":0.7620956897735596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7604215145111084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.6848947405815125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.5765931606292725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5452758073806763},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.5444861054420471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780992000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17016113","display_name":"Generator (circuit theory)","level":3,"score":0.4309741258621216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108755667","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1930258","display_name":"AC power","level":3,"score":0.42131558060646057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187691185","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2020720","display_name":"Grid","level":2,"score":0.415828675031662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.29937177896499634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2989588677883148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.10816016793251038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10511726140975952},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06731736660003662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.05920767784118652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16091116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c470f99cfb5848c2a0cb82b8d719ccf3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c470f99cfb5848c2a0cb82b8d719ccf3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 16, Iss 9, p 1116 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/16/9/1116/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16091116","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16091116","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1540538399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52207212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1674853907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52207212","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3468295448","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2166202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7232307401","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021QE158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8024546250","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U2166202","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8035067188","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ZR2021QE158","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324174","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":48,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2056459609","https://openalex.org/W2086213888","https://openalex.org/W2098964725","https://openalex.org/W2104195154","https://openalex.org/W2121920897","https://openalex.org/W2126602514","https://openalex.org/W2151845337","https://openalex.org/W2160308455","https://openalex.org/W2164693879","https://openalex.org/W2310055647","https://openalex.org/W2558164765","https://openalex.org/W2587501852","https://openalex.org/W2595651720","https://openalex.org/W2598904020","https://openalex.org/W2738394242","https://openalex.org/W2762321225","https://openalex.org/W2767883933","https://openalex.org/W2770285927","https://openalex.org/W2784283076","https://openalex.org/W2787615699","https://openalex.org/W2789523404","https://openalex.org/W2793501167","https://openalex.org/W2889626995","https://openalex.org/W2896834388","https://openalex.org/W2949415939","https://openalex.org/W2999463146","https://openalex.org/W2999683198","https://openalex.org/W3010053062","https://openalex.org/W3016043783","https://openalex.org/W3089675583","https://openalex.org/W3090338492","https://openalex.org/W3108419558","https://openalex.org/W3159034943","https://openalex.org/W3216335550","https://openalex.org/W4281479291","https://openalex.org/W4285111073","https://openalex.org/W4291652818","https://openalex.org/W4297032570","https://openalex.org/W4297349602","https://openalex.org/W4376456597","https://openalex.org/W4376457046","https://openalex.org/W4378805032","https://openalex.org/W4380607061","https://openalex.org/W4392152026","https://openalex.org/W4399044638","https://openalex.org/W4400054663","https://openalex.org/W4400524656","https://openalex.org/W6870173174"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2367891013","https://openalex.org/W2007108787","https://openalex.org/W2084837496","https://openalex.org/W2103570580","https://openalex.org/W2373210218","https://openalex.org/W4312311708","https://openalex.org/W3147659851","https://openalex.org/W3119861251","https://openalex.org/W3019679473","https://openalex.org/W2157275880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"synchronous":[1],"generator":[2],"(VSG)":[3],"control":[4,46,76,89,101,110,125,129,158],"has":[5],"positive":[6],"effects":[7],"on":[8,121],"the":[9,34,65,109,114,122,135,142,147,171,176,180,190],"stability":[10],"of":[11,37,170],"microgrids.":[12],"In":[13,151],"practical":[14],"power":[15,35,67,103,148],"systems,":[16],"both":[17],"single-phase":[18],"loads":[19,23,39],"and":[20,40,61,69,102,117,137,146,189],"three-phase":[21],"unbalanced":[22,38],"are":[24,106],"present.":[25],"The":[26,43,97],"four-leg":[27,54,84,95,172],"inverter":[28,55,143,173],"is":[29,91,131,160,174],"an":[30,153],"alternative":[31],"solution":[32],"for":[33,83,94,157],"supply":[36,68],"grid":[41,149],"connections.":[42],"traditional":[44],"VSG":[45,88,124,164],"strategy":[47,77,90],"still":[48],"faces":[49],"challenges":[50],"when":[51],"using":[52],"a":[53,58,74,80,127],"to":[56,112,133,162],"provide":[57],"symmetrical":[59],"voltage":[60,115,145,181],"stable":[62],"frequency":[63,118],"in":[64],"load":[66],"pre-synchronization.":[70],"This":[71],"paper":[72],"proposes":[73],"VSG-based":[75],"along":[78],"with":[79],"pre-synchronization":[81,128],"method":[82,156],"inverters.":[85,96],"An":[86],"improved":[87,98,123],"put":[92],"forward":[93],"virtual":[99],"impedance":[100],"calculation":[104],"methods":[105],"integrated":[107],"into":[108],"loop":[111],"suppress":[113],"asymmetry":[116],"ripples.":[119],"Building":[120],"strategy,":[126],"approach":[130],"proposed":[132],"minimize":[134],"amplitude":[136],"phase":[138],"angle":[139],"discrepancies":[140],"between":[141],"output":[144],"voltage.":[150],"addition,":[152],"optimized":[154],"design":[155],"parameters":[159],"presented":[161],"improve":[163],"dynamic":[165],"performance.":[166],"A":[167],"hardware":[168],"prototype":[169],"built;":[175],"results":[177],"show":[178],"that":[179],"unbalance":[182],"ratio":[183],"can":[184,193],"be":[185,194],"reduced":[186],"by":[187,196],"89%,":[188],"response":[191],"time":[192],"shortened":[195],"50%.":[197]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}