{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4401418153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081011","title":"Superpixels with Content-Awareness via a Two-Stage Generation Framework","display_name":"Superpixels with Content-Awareness via a Two-Stage Generation Framework","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-08-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4401418153","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16081011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/8/1011/pdf?version=1723115947","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/8/1011/pdf?version=1723115947","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100404091","display_name":"Cheng Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3915-5451"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3915-5451","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040464836","display_name":"Nannan Liao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8201-4662"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nannan Liao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Intelligent Control and Image Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","Institute of Intelligent Control and Image Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8201-4662","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Control and Image Engineering, Xidian University, Xi\u2019an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Intelligent Control and Image Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103240679","display_name":"Zhe Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-7550"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210129465","display_name":"Wuhan Ship Development & Design Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02mcdae06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210129465"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430025, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430025, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210129465"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103950145","display_name":"He Bian","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"He Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100442973","display_name":"Zhe Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-1132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhe Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2378-1132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081926264","display_name":"Long Ren","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0222-2486"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210144662","display_name":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics","ror":"https://ror.org/0444j5556","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Long Ren","raw_affiliation_strings":["Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Xi'an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710119, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210144662","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5081926264"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210144662"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11284796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"8","first_page":"1011","last_page":"1011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11605","display_name":"Visual Attention and Saliency Detection","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.7536062002182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7376530170440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5857411623001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.5849277377128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.5257604718208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5052583813667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5045863389968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.49985718727111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.44279298186302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.4157281517982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4143412411212921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.4130643904209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.20861458778381348}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.7536062002182007},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7376530170440674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5857411623001099},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5849277377128601},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.5257604718208313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5052583813667297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5045863389968872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.49985718727111816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.44279298186302185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.4157281517982483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4143412411212921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.4130643904209137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.20861458778381348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16081011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/8/1011/pdf?version=1723115947","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:accade8348c94d4f832564a2b71d2db0","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/accade8348c94d4f832564a2b71d2db0","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 16, Iss 8, p 1011 (2024)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16081011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16081011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/8/1011/pdf?version=1723115947","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4401418153.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582358070","https://openalex.org/W2104125540","https://openalex.org/W2110158442","https://openalex.org/W2118246710","https://openalex.org/W2119823327","https://openalex.org/W2124260943","https://openalex.org/W2125637308","https://openalex.org/W2135431554","https://openalex.org/W2471353525","https://openalex.org/W2529970009","https://openalex.org/W2585293115","https://openalex.org/W2602809673","https://openalex.org/W2607912405","https://openalex.org/W2608051802","https://openalex.org/W2610243532","https://openalex.org/W2612271937","https://openalex.org/W2771299673","https://openalex.org/W2793607189","https://openalex.org/W2800875365","https://openalex.org/W2809079007","https://openalex.org/W2946315763","https://openalex.org/W2950187842","https://openalex.org/W2951604549","https://openalex.org/W3022380932","https://openalex.org/W3036076032","https://openalex.org/W3040040929","https://openalex.org/W3162356934","https://openalex.org/W3195789389","https://openalex.org/W4230852370","https://openalex.org/W4281729340","https://openalex.org/W4285019520","https://openalex.org/W4292998323","https://openalex.org/W4296006017","https://openalex.org/W4312710511","https://openalex.org/W4312742449","https://openalex.org/W4315630830","https://openalex.org/W4316039651","https://openalex.org/W4316369193","https://openalex.org/W4366496271","https://openalex.org/W4390618741","https://openalex.org/W4392561327","https://openalex.org/W4392624698","https://openalex.org/W4393947281","https://openalex.org/W6758357129","https://openalex.org/W6770306437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2381926679","https://openalex.org/W2007009951","https://openalex.org/W2082644203","https://openalex.org/W2350539780","https://openalex.org/W3165040664","https://openalex.org/W4242386713","https://openalex.org/W3122652148","https://openalex.org/W1583866266","https://openalex.org/W2996505764","https://openalex.org/W3088649123"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,198],"superpixel":[1,42,65,94,126,150],"usually":[2],"serves":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,34,62,79,105,158],"region-level":[6],"feature":[7,121],"in":[8,50,122,148,208],"various":[9],"image":[10,59,90,139],"processing":[11,77],"tasks,":[12],"and":[13,21,61,99,187,195],"is":[14,32,52,68,85,109,144],"known":[15],"for":[16],"segmentation":[17],"accuracy,":[18],"spatial":[19,100],"compactness":[20],"running":[22],"efficiency.":[23],"However,":[24],"since":[25],"these":[26],"properties":[27],"are":[28,128,201],"intrinsically":[29],"incompatible,":[30],"there":[31],"still":[33],"compromise":[35],"within":[36],"the":[37,47,58,75,114,119,135,155,160,169,182],"overall":[38],"performance":[39,189],"of":[40,57,138,171],"existing":[41,205],"algorithms.":[43],"In":[44,74],"this":[45,103],"work,":[46],"property":[48,170,213],"constraint":[49],"superpixels":[51,184],"relaxed":[53],"by":[54],"in-depth":[55],"understanding":[56],"content,":[60],"novel":[63],"two-stage":[64],"generation":[66],"framework":[67,84],"proposed":[69],"to":[70,87,97,111,118,133,152],"produce":[71],"content-aware":[72],"superpixels.":[73],"global":[76],"stage,":[78],"diffusion-based":[80],"online":[81,166],"average":[82],"clustering":[83,168],"introduced":[86],"efficiently":[88],"aggregate":[89],"pixels":[91,147],"into":[92],"multiple":[93],"candidates":[95],"according":[96],"color":[98],"information.":[101],"During":[102],"process,":[104],"centroid":[106,162],"relocation":[107],"strategy":[108,164],"established":[110],"dynamically":[112],"guide":[113],"region":[115],"updating.":[116,177],"According":[117],"area":[120],"manifold":[123],"space,":[124],"several":[125,211],"centroids":[127],"then":[129],"split":[130],"or":[131],"merged":[132],"optimize":[134],"regional":[136],"representation":[137],"content.":[140],"Subsequently,":[141],"local":[142],"updating":[143],"adopted":[145],"on":[146,190,202],"those":[149],"regions":[151],"further":[153],"improve":[154],"performance.":[156],"As":[157],"result,":[159],"dynamic":[161],"relocating":[163],"offers":[165],"averaging":[167],"content":[172],"awareness":[173],"through":[174],"coarse-to-fine":[175],"label":[176],"Extensive":[178],"experiments":[179],"verify":[180],"that":[181],"produced":[183],"achieve":[185],"desirable":[186],"comprehensive":[188],"boundary":[191],"adherence,":[192],"visual":[193],"satisfactory":[194],"time":[196],"consumption.":[197],"quantitative":[199],"results":[200],"par":[203],"with":[204,210],"state-of-the-art":[206],"algorithms":[207],"terms":[209],"common":[212],"metrics.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
