{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4281669288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040504","title":"The Three Faces of U(3)","display_name":"The Three Faces of U(3)","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4281669288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040504"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16040504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/504/pdf?version=1713790735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/504/pdf?version=1713790735","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"John LaChapelle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0403-7532"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John LaChapelle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Independent Researcher, 1387 NW Ashley Dr., Albany, OR 97321, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0403-7532","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Independent Researcher, 1387 NW Ashley Dr., Albany, OR 97321, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0004416,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"504","last_page":"504"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.7092999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10224","display_name":"Quantum Chromodynamics and Particle Interactions","score":0.7092999815940857,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11683","display_name":"Quantum and Classical Electrodynamics","score":0.08030000329017639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10025","display_name":"Black Holes and Theoretical Physics","score":0.052799999713897705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.671181857585907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-group","display_name":"Gauge group","score":0.5625989437103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariant-transformation","display_name":"Covariant transformation","score":0.5490796566009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-theory","display_name":"Gauge theory","score":0.5226997137069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariant-derivative","display_name":"Covariant derivative","score":0.4828627407550812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.4460250437259674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brst-quantization","display_name":"BRST quantization","score":0.41430121660232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gauge-symmetry","display_name":"Gauge symmetry","score":0.41429057717323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-physics","display_name":"Mathematical physics","score":0.3636186718940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.3258856236934662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.19006091356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09818798303604126}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.671181857585907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779430453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15260871","display_name":"Gauge group","level":3,"score":0.5625989437103271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9136319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q362640","display_name":"Covariant transformation","level":2,"score":0.5490796566009521},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C181830111","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214850","display_name":"Gauge theory","level":2,"score":0.5226997137069702},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19492387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2287715","display_name":"Covariant derivative","level":2,"score":0.4828627407550812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4460250437259674},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39366733","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2752849","display_name":"BRST quantization","level":3,"score":0.41430121660232544},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147247565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5527635","display_name":"Gauge symmetry","level":3,"score":0.41429057717323303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.3636186718940735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.3258856236934662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.19006091356277466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09818798303604126}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16040504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/504/pdf?version=1713790735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2206.02557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2206.02557","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2206.02557","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2206.02557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2206.02557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16040504","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040504","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/504/pdf?version=1713790735","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4281669288.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1532591790","https://openalex.org/W1625053673","https://openalex.org/W1835509014","https://openalex.org/W1975117066","https://openalex.org/W1996997005","https://openalex.org/W1998483658","https://openalex.org/W2019275313","https://openalex.org/W2078763751","https://openalex.org/W2084760563","https://openalex.org/W2094387356","https://openalex.org/W2161978367","https://openalex.org/W2174220582","https://openalex.org/W2255660075","https://openalex.org/W2338658192","https://openalex.org/W2361424034","https://openalex.org/W2550793694","https://openalex.org/W2963224601","https://openalex.org/W3023955812","https://openalex.org/W3044824435","https://openalex.org/W3157736569","https://openalex.org/W4205325251","https://openalex.org/W4235956673"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W13687001","https://openalex.org/W43072710","https://openalex.org/W27263165","https://openalex.org/W19470063","https://openalex.org/W3963461","https://openalex.org/W21535748","https://openalex.org/W10628180","https://openalex.org/W28101489","https://openalex.org/W35590249","https://openalex.org/W31066959"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"U(n)":[0],"is":[1],"a":[2,32,40,56,61,66,90],"semi-direct":[3],"product":[4],"group":[5,15],"characterized":[6],"by":[7,65],"nontrivial":[8,23],"homomorphisms":[9,24],"mapping":[10],"U(1)":[11],"into":[12],"the":[13,72,77,103,119],"automorphism":[14],"of":[16,35,99,115],"SU(n).":[17],"For":[18],"U(3),":[19],"there":[20],"are":[21],"three":[22,27,50,78,96,113],"that":[25],"induce":[26],"separate":[28],"defining":[29,73,120],"representations.":[30],"In":[31],"toy":[33],"model":[34],"U(3)":[36,105],"Yang\u2013Mills":[37],"(endowed":[38],"with":[39],"suitable":[41],"inner":[42],"product)":[43],"coupled":[44],"to":[45],"massive":[46],"fermions,":[47],"this":[48,111],"renders":[49],"distinct":[51,97],"covariant":[52,79,92],"derivatives":[53,80],"acting":[54,70,94],"on":[55,71,95],"single":[57,91],"matter":[58,83,100,116],"field.":[59],"Employing":[60],"mod3":[62],"permutation":[63],"induced":[64],"large":[67],"gauge":[68],"transformation":[69],"representation":[74],"vector":[75],"space,":[76],"and":[81],"one":[82],"field":[84],"can":[85,109],"alternatively":[86],"be":[87],"expressed":[88],"as":[89,112],"derivative":[93],"species":[98,114],"fields":[101,117],"possessing":[102],"same":[104],"quantum":[106],"numbers.":[107],"One":[108],"interpret":[110],"in":[118],"representation.":[121]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-01-26T23:06:41.788003","created_date":"2022-06-13T00:00:00"}
