{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393142340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040383","title":"Load Calculation Method for Deep-Buried Layered Soft Rock Tunnel Based on Back-Analysis of Structural Deformation","display_name":"Load Calculation Method for Deep-Buried Layered Soft Rock Tunnel Based on Back-Analysis of Structural Deformation","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393142340","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040383"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16040383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040383","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/383/pdf?version=1711192044","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/383/pdf?version=1711192044","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101833283","display_name":"Lixin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7440-0400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100398630","display_name":"Lijun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9258-9435"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lijun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101835160","display_name":"Jianxun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1440-3276"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jianxun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017259008","display_name":"Yanbin Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0541-4208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yanbin Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114027148","display_name":"Huijie Guo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huijie Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101067929","display_name":"Yang Zhai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yang Zhai","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103006792","display_name":"Pengkun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2680-4563"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25355098","display_name":"Chang'an University","ror":"https://ror.org/05mxya461","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pengkun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100398630"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25355098"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.1165,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7454761,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"4","first_page":"383","last_page":"383"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10161","display_name":"Rock Mechanics and Modeling","score":0.9983000159263611,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2211","display_name":"Mechanics of Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12233","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Underground Structures","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.6914893984794617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/excavation","display_name":"Excavation","score":0.5513781905174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.5423567891120911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.5184685587882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.5178468823432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cracking","display_name":"Cracking","score":0.5057921409606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bending","display_name":"Bending","score":0.5015687942504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instability","display_name":"Instability","score":0.4718591868877411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rock-mass-classification","display_name":"Rock mass classification","score":0.440054714679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.19875627756118774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.17966938018798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.14477580785751343}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.6914893984794617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31858485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959782","display_name":"Excavation","level":2,"score":0.5513781905174255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.5423567891120911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.5184685587882996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.5178468823432922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58396970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212749","display_name":"Cracking","level":2,"score":0.5057921409606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87210426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1072476","display_name":"Bending","level":2,"score":0.5015687942504883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.4718591868877411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41242791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17105549","display_name":"Rock mass classification","level":2,"score":0.440054714679718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.19875627756118774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.17966938018798828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.14477580785751343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16040383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040383","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/383/pdf?version=1711192044","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:636d15bb8fd846f6a469975dd63ba343","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/636d15bb8fd846f6a469975dd63ba343","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 16, Iss 4, p 383 (2024)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/16/4/383/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym16040383","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym16040383","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym16040383","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/16/4/383/pdf?version=1711192044","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.5199999809265137,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2087396116","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"China","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3317480652","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Science","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4020255992","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Project","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5994120800","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"Natural","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7933855402","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"41831286","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4393142340.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W846544751","https://openalex.org/W1965979068","https://openalex.org/W1977168082","https://openalex.org/W1977727715","https://openalex.org/W1989245139","https://openalex.org/W1992390655","https://openalex.org/W2003197153","https://openalex.org/W2036535046","https://openalex.org/W2058621925","https://openalex.org/W2068436153","https://openalex.org/W2087516881","https://openalex.org/W2141954932","https://openalex.org/W2155908097","https://openalex.org/W2217691787","https://openalex.org/W2290884330","https://openalex.org/W2350348580","https://openalex.org/W2358533060","https://openalex.org/W2360000856","https://openalex.org/W2365319195","https://openalex.org/W2369456539","https://openalex.org/W2376089201","https://openalex.org/W2385368631","https://openalex.org/W2392661528","https://openalex.org/W2489984719","https://openalex.org/W2797716426","https://openalex.org/W2888306535","https://openalex.org/W2901210346","https://openalex.org/W2903239291","https://openalex.org/W2955978114","https://openalex.org/W3015878519","https://openalex.org/W3018095051","https://openalex.org/W3036875935","https://openalex.org/W3048695118","https://openalex.org/W3156363353","https://openalex.org/W4200003455","https://openalex.org/W4255687791","https://openalex.org/W4311093075","https://openalex.org/W6776138872"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2286924402","https://openalex.org/W2022371719","https://openalex.org/W2390668313","https://openalex.org/W2351306093","https://openalex.org/W2394332080","https://openalex.org/W2354332086","https://openalex.org/W2370343812","https://openalex.org/W2381236396","https://openalex.org/W4316465752","https://openalex.org/W2376930112"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"After":[0],"the":[1,36,40,45,61,66,93,97,102,107,125,145,148,157,161,164,171,176,180],"excavation":[2],"and":[3,23,25,51,63,75,131,170,173],"unloading":[4],"of":[5,32,65,72,82,96,106,128,135,147,160,175],"deep-buried":[6,140,198],"soft":[7,57,142,200],"rock":[8,59,74,143,201],"tunnels,":[9,144],"support":[10,27,42,109,182],"structures":[11],"often":[12],"experience":[13],"deformation-related":[14],"disasters":[15],"such":[16],"as":[17],"concrete":[18],"cracking,":[19],"steel":[20],"frame":[21],"bending":[22],"twisting,":[24],"primary":[26,41,108,181],"instability":[28],"under":[29],"different":[30,69,103],"forms":[31,105],"load.":[33],"Accurately":[34],"calculating":[35],"load":[37,84,120,150,187,195],"borne":[38],"by":[39],"structure":[43,110],"is":[44,153,168],"key":[46],"to":[47,87],"ensuring":[48],"design":[49],"rationality":[50],"construction":[52,166],"safety.":[53],"Especially":[54],"in":[55,79,197],"layered":[56,141,199],"surrounding":[58],"formations,":[60],"magnitude":[62,172],"distribution":[64,174],"loads":[67,162,177],"are":[68,183],"from":[70],"those":[71],"conventional":[73],"soil":[76],"masses,":[77],"resulting":[78],"limited":[80],"applicability":[81],"existing":[83],"calculation":[85,121,126,151,188,196],"methods":[86],"similar":[88],"formations.":[89],"Therefore,":[90],"based":[91],"on":[92,179],"measured":[94],"deformation":[95],"tunnel":[98,165],"structure,":[99],"while":[100],"considering":[101],"geometric":[104],"during":[111,163],"partial":[112],"excavation,":[113],"this":[114,129],"paper":[115],"proposes":[116],"a":[117,132,191],"deformation-structure":[118],"(D-S)":[119],"method.":[122],"By":[123],"comparing":[124],"results":[127],"method":[130,152,189],"large":[133],"number":[134],"sample":[136],"data":[137],"for":[138,194],"typical":[139],"reliability":[146],"D-S":[149,186],"verified.":[154],"In":[155],"addition,":[156],"variation":[158],"law":[159],"period":[167],"enunciated,":[169],"acting":[178],"clarified.":[184],"The":[185],"provides":[190],"theoretical":[192],"basis":[193],"tunnels.":[202]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}