{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4383262619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071361","title":"Research on Blockchain Architecture and Operating Principles Based on H-DAG","display_name":"Research on Blockchain Architecture and Operating Principles Based on H-DAG","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4383262619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071361"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15071361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071361","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/7/1361/pdf?version=1688524810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/7/1361/pdf?version=1688524810","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056220092","display_name":"Jie Huang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-7132"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jie Huang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aviation Electronic Equipment Maintenance, Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College, Changsha 410024, China","Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Missile Maintenance, Changsha 410024, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4995-7132","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aviation Electronic Equipment Maintenance, Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College, Changsha 410024, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hunan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Missile Maintenance, Changsha 410024, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100766756","display_name":"Changsheng Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4890-504X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changsheng Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Aviation Electronic Equipment Maintenance, Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College, Changsha 410024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Aviation Electronic Equipment Maintenance, Changsha Aeronautical Vocational and Technical College, Changsha 410024, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051401004","display_name":"Joseph W. Harding","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph Harding","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Information Technology, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Information Technology, Southern University, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056220092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4443,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66286979,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"7","first_page":"1361","last_page":"1361"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9434999823570251,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7909730672836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.77738356590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/directed-acyclic-graph","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","score":0.7488022446632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database-transaction","display_name":"Database transaction","score":0.6566139459609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.4547497630119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/block","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","score":0.4372923970222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.4251042902469635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-transaction","display_name":"Distributed transaction","score":0.41678160429000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2955280840396881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transaction-processing","display_name":"Transaction processing","score":0.27243363857269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1947173774242401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10782244801521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.07697474956512451}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7909730672836304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.77738356590271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74197172","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195339","display_name":"Directed acyclic graph","level":2,"score":0.7488022446632385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75949130","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848010","display_name":"Database transaction","level":2,"score":0.6566139459609985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.4547497630119324},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777210771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4927124","display_name":"Block (permutation group theory)","level":2,"score":0.4372923970222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.4251042902469635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25185021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4053284","display_name":"Distributed transaction","level":4,"score":0.41678160429000854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2955280840396881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72108876","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844565","display_name":"Transaction processing","level":3,"score":0.27243363857269287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1947173774242401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10782244801521301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.07697474956512451},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15071361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071361","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/7/1361/pdf?version=1688524810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a06ec387f6994e14ab7d4378a083c54b","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a06ec387f6994e14ab7d4378a083c54b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 15, Iss 7, p 1361 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/15/7/1361/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15071361","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15071361","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15071361","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/7/1361/pdf?version=1688524810","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4383262619.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604844934","https://openalex.org/W2765239986","https://openalex.org/W2883044293","https://openalex.org/W2898824883","https://openalex.org/W2938151977","https://openalex.org/W2943296752","https://openalex.org/W2949038960","https://openalex.org/W2963822137","https://openalex.org/W2967111530","https://openalex.org/W2997810619","https://openalex.org/W3001818559","https://openalex.org/W3012143974","https://openalex.org/W3025998948","https://openalex.org/W3033135532","https://openalex.org/W3035734344","https://openalex.org/W3042586362","https://openalex.org/W3091665258","https://openalex.org/W3108722340","https://openalex.org/W3143259051","https://openalex.org/W3156994683"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W116816731","https://openalex.org/W2053104377","https://openalex.org/W2393893951","https://openalex.org/W1988072050","https://openalex.org/W2371295991","https://openalex.org/W2349862564","https://openalex.org/W2126605438","https://openalex.org/W2155541789","https://openalex.org/W2125608776","https://openalex.org/W2372897440"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"hybrid":[1],"blockchain":[2,21,117,196,205],"structure":[3,217],"(hybrid":[4],"directed":[5],"acyclic":[6],"graph,":[7],"or":[8],"H-DAG)":[9],"is":[10],"proposed":[11],"in":[12,93,170],"this":[13,158],"article":[14],"to":[15,77,80,96,100,157,197],"solve":[16],"the":[17,30,41,48,51,58,66,78,82,86,110,133,136,152,155,166,171,177,187,192,195,204,208,215],"existing":[18],"problem":[19],"of":[20,32,61,85,112,122,135,154,168,180,194,201,203],"architectures":[22],"using":[23,218],"symmetric":[24,219],"key":[25,220],"encryption":[26],"technology":[27],"by":[28,138,213],"combining":[29],"characteristics":[31,60],"single-chain":[33],"blockchains":[34],"and":[35,43,46,108,124,140,144,176,190],"DAG":[36],"distributed":[37],"ledgers.":[38],"By":[39],"improving":[40,214],"block":[42,216],"transaction":[44,54,67,126],"structures":[45],"optimizing":[47],"consensus":[49],"mechanism,":[50],"H-DAG":[52,79,137,156,172,185],"confirmed":[53],"orders":[55],"while":[56],"maintaining":[57],"high-throughput":[59],"a":[62,73,113,147,199],"DAG,":[63],"thus":[64],"solving":[65],"order":[68,167],"dependence":[69],"problem.":[70],"We":[71,131],"introduced":[72],"lightweight":[74],"PoW":[75],"mechanism":[76,90],"improve":[81],"anti-fork":[83,188],"ability":[84,189],"blockchain.":[87],"An":[88],"incentive":[89],"was":[91,173,182,211],"adopted":[92],"our":[94],"model":[95],"compel":[97],"honest":[98],"nodes":[99],"be":[101],"more":[102],"enthusiastic":[103],"about":[104],"participating":[105],"in,":[106],"maintaining,":[107],"enhancing":[109],"security":[111,193],"given":[114],"network.":[115],"The":[116,161,184],"states":[118],"achieved":[119],"strong":[120],"levels":[121],"consistency,":[123],"their":[125],"confirmation":[127,178],"times":[128],"were":[129],"predictable.":[130,183],"evaluated":[132],"performance":[134],"comparing":[139],"analyzing":[141],"multiple":[142],"experiments,":[143],"we":[145],"modeled":[146],"forking":[148],"attack":[149,159],"strategy,":[150],"verifying":[151],"resistance":[153],"strategy.":[160],"experimental":[162],"results":[163],"demonstrated":[164],"that":[165],"transactions":[169,181],"globally":[174],"consistent,":[175],"time":[179],"improved":[186],"enhanced":[191,212],"ensure":[198],"degree":[200],"decentralization":[202],"system.":[206],"Therefore,":[207],"system":[209],"throughput":[210],"technology.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
