{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4380080283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061230","title":"Path Loss and Auxiliary Communication Analysis of VANET in Tunnel Environments","display_name":"Path Loss and Auxiliary Communication Analysis of VANET in Tunnel Environments","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-06-09","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4380080283","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061230"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15061230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/6/1230/pdf?version=1686296966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/6/1230/pdf?version=1686296966","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013281423","display_name":"Chunxiao Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7830-2848"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chunxiao Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7830-2848","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046006427","display_name":"Honghui Jin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Honghui Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108842381","display_name":"Wen Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wen Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101106514","display_name":"Mei Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6097-2405"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101789126","display_name":"Qingyue Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1655-9290"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qingyue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102521708","display_name":"Yuanpeng Pei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78978612","display_name":"Yangzhou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tqb8s11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuanpeng Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013281423"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78978612"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.4189,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5312944,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"6","first_page":"1230","last_page":"1230"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10761","display_name":"Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs)","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.9976999759674072,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11896","display_name":"Opportunistic and Delay-Tolerant Networks","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multipath-propagation","display_name":"Multipath propagation","score":0.7506474256515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6642902493476868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mimo","display_name":"MIMO","score":0.644653856754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5310680866241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path-loss","display_name":"Path loss","score":0.5225043892860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fading","display_name":"Fading","score":0.5104666948318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/communications-system","display_name":"Communications system","score":0.48509037494659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transmission","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","score":0.4816919267177582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","score":0.47018635272979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.4568827748298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.44136354327201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vehicular-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","score":0.4135437607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/path","display_name":"Path (computing)","score":0.4117196202278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-ad-hoc-network","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","score":0.3442877531051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24492201209068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2322985827922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/channel","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","score":0.1258375644683838}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161218011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11827794","display_name":"Multipath propagation","level":3,"score":0.7506474256515503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6642902493476868},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207987634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176862","display_name":"MIMO","level":3,"score":0.644653856754303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5310680866241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194273485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1478845","display_name":"Path loss","level":3,"score":0.5225043892860413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81978471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1196572","display_name":"Fading","level":3,"score":0.5104666948318481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101765175","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577764","display_name":"Communications system","level":2,"score":0.48509037494659424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C761482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118093","display_name":"Transmission (telecommunications)","level":2,"score":0.4816919267177582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.47018635272979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.4568827748298645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.44136354327201843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192448918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682677","display_name":"Vehicular ad hoc network","level":4,"score":0.4135437607765198},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777735758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817765","display_name":"Path (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4117196202278137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94523657","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4085781","display_name":"Wireless ad hoc network","level":3,"score":0.3442877531051636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24492201209068298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2322985827922821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127162648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953","display_name":"Channel (broadcasting)","level":2,"score":0.1258375644683838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15061230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/6/1230/pdf?version=1686296966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f63d594f7fb8428a930bed64c48d8517","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f63d594f7fb8428a930bed64c48d8517","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 1230 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/15/6/1230/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15061230","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 15; Issue 6; Pages: 1230","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15061230","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15061230","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/6/1230/pdf?version=1686296966","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G219101209","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022111117070Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8260876459","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61401387","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321410","display_name":"Jiangsu University","ror":"https://ror.org/03jc41j30"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4380080283.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970884985","https://openalex.org/W1999645005","https://openalex.org/W2016734468","https://openalex.org/W2033902696","https://openalex.org/W2085165892","https://openalex.org/W2107080958","https://openalex.org/W2107337680","https://openalex.org/W2108481362","https://openalex.org/W2109453776","https://openalex.org/W2111481496","https://openalex.org/W2132992699","https://openalex.org/W2136347775","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2206930994","https://openalex.org/W2247297334","https://openalex.org/W2364694025","https://openalex.org/W2508013904","https://openalex.org/W2592798481","https://openalex.org/W2741931273","https://openalex.org/W2786333648","https://openalex.org/W2851426253","https://openalex.org/W2962946835","https://openalex.org/W2963000651","https://openalex.org/W2978949425","https://openalex.org/W2991074528","https://openalex.org/W3022995104","https://openalex.org/W3046127565","https://openalex.org/W3081576524","https://openalex.org/W3091912769","https://openalex.org/W3129117676","https://openalex.org/W3153911985","https://openalex.org/W3194577819","https://openalex.org/W4225088718"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4226162851","https://openalex.org/W2027636740","https://openalex.org/W2062688728","https://openalex.org/W2061231656","https://openalex.org/W2771454953","https://openalex.org/W3046762796","https://openalex.org/W3202102306","https://openalex.org/W3046260513","https://openalex.org/W2998294818","https://openalex.org/W45347327"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vehicular":[0],"ad":[1],"hoc":[2],"network":[3],"(VANET)":[4],"communications":[5],"face":[6],"severe":[7],"fading":[8,163],"problems":[9],"due":[10],"to":[11,113,121,172,182,187,196],"the":[12,20,23,42,47,53,61,64,83,97,101,104,123,129,132,152,184,202,212,215,229,232,235,244,248,263,270],"signal":[13,45,49,55,86],"reflections":[14],"and":[15,63,91,100,135,193,209,228,255,268],"diffractions":[16],"within":[17],"tunnels.":[18,127,274],"Unlike":[19],"open":[21],"road,":[22],"space":[24],"of":[25,44,74,85,103,154,234,265],"a":[26,36,71,115,157,189,198,223,256],"tunnel":[27,37,98,105],"is":[28,38,50,58,204],"very":[29],"limited,":[30],"so":[31,142],"VANET":[32],"communication":[33,80,112,124,146,271],"performance":[34],"in":[35,89,126,156,214,222,273],"seriously":[39],"affected.":[40],"In":[41,66,107,128],"process":[43],"transmission,":[46],"reflected":[48,59],"symmetrical":[51],"with":[52,211,243],"incident":[54],"after":[56],"it":[57],"by":[60],"road":[62],"wall.":[65,106],"this":[67,161],"paper,":[68],"we":[69,109],"establish":[70],"mathematical":[72],"model":[73,168],"path":[75],"loss":[76],"for":[77],"V2V":[78],"(Vehicle-to-Vehicle)":[79],"based":[81,246,252],"on":[82,253],"principle":[84],"reflection":[87],"symmetry":[88],"tunnels":[90],"considering":[92],"several":[93],"factors,":[94],"such":[95],"as":[96,206],"surface":[99],"color":[102],"addition,":[108],"use":[110],"cooperative":[111,145],"form":[114,197],"virtual":[116],"multiple-input":[117],"multiple-output":[118],"(V-MIMO)":[119],"system,":[120,131],"improve":[122,173,269],"quality":[125],"proposed":[130],"OBU":[133,192,213],"(On-Board-unit)":[134],"RSU":[136,194,203],"(Road-Side-Unit)":[137],"share":[138],"each":[139],"other\u2019s":[140],"antennas,":[141],"that":[143],"wireless":[144],"can":[147,169],"be":[148,170],"employed,":[149],"without":[150],"increasing":[151],"number":[153],"antennas":[155],"one-way":[158],"tunnel.":[159,216],"Therefore,":[160],"multipath":[162],"internal":[164],"electromagnetic":[165],"wave":[166],"propagation":[167],"used":[171,181],"performance.":[174],"A":[175],"deep":[176],"reinforcement":[177],"learning":[178],"algorithm":[179,251],"was":[180,220],"solve":[183],"pairing":[185],"problem":[186],"obtain":[188],"more":[190],"accurate":[191],"pair,":[195],"V-MIMO":[199,254],"system.":[200],"Here,":[201],"regarded":[205],"an":[207],"agent":[208],"interacts":[210],"The":[217,237],"optimal":[218,249],"strategy":[219],"learned":[221],"real-time":[224],"changing":[225],"simulation":[226,238],"environment,":[227],"experiment":[230],"verified":[231],"convergence":[233],"algorithm.":[236],"results":[239],"showed":[240],"that,":[241],"compared":[242],"Q-learning":[245],"scheme,":[247],"matching":[250],"DQN":[257],"(Deep":[258],"Q-network)":[259],"could":[260],"effectively":[261],"reduce":[262],"probability":[264],"transmission":[266],"outages":[267],"efficiency":[272]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}