{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4376611550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051079","title":"Steganalysis of Neural Networks Based on Symmetric Histogram Distribution","display_name":"Steganalysis of Neural Networks Based on Symmetric Histogram Distribution","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4376611550","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051079"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15051079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051079","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1079/pdf?version=1684220377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1079/pdf?version=1684220377","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102554170","display_name":"Xiong Tang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiong Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004865399","display_name":"Zichi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0283-5338"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zichi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0283-5338","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071724015","display_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5867-1315"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I113940042","display_name":"Shanghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/006teas31","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinpeng Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Communication and Information Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004865399"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I113940042"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.5791,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67498794,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1079","last_page":"1079"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10775","display_name":"Generative Adversarial Networks and Image Synthesis","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganalysis","display_name":"Steganalysis","score":0.8591610193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8255772590637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.7198835015296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6846646070480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.6692092418670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.5611577033996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/steganography","display_name":"Steganography","score":0.5595864057540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5343372821807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.518661379814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.425912082195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-neural-networks","display_name":"Deep neural networks","score":0.4195919930934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.41922831535339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4161078631877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.36522096395492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2843896746635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08834061026573181}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107368093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448176","display_name":"Steganalysis","level":4,"score":0.8591610193252563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8255772590637207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.7198835015296936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6846646070480347},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.6692092418670654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.5611577033996582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108801101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15032","display_name":"Steganography","level":3,"score":0.5595864057540894},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5343372821807861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.518661379814148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.425912082195282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984842247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep neural networks","level":3,"score":0.4195919930934906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.41922831535339355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4161078631877899},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.36522096395492554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2843896746635437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08834061026573181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15051079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051079","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1079/pdf?version=1684220377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:941c7aef149743fe8db24d54d40c834e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/941c7aef149743fe8db24d54d40c834e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1079 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/15/5/1079/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051079","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15051079","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051079","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1079/pdf?version=1684220377","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.7400000095367432,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2429589907","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1936214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7833519885","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"62002214","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321659","display_name":"Shanghai Education Development Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/02kq92y46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321881","display_name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/05tewj457"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4376611550.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1596717185","https://openalex.org/W1760182598","https://openalex.org/W1875845630","https://openalex.org/W2009130368","https://openalex.org/W2041560266","https://openalex.org/W2059019537","https://openalex.org/W2109255472","https://openalex.org/W2123170991","https://openalex.org/W2124664712","https://openalex.org/W2134527668","https://openalex.org/W2135280214","https://openalex.org/W2139842737","https://openalex.org/W2148808559","https://openalex.org/W2153615901","https://openalex.org/W2158320630","https://openalex.org/W2322622188","https://openalex.org/W2542290803","https://openalex.org/W2579318729","https://openalex.org/W2751202750","https://openalex.org/W2765811365","https://openalex.org/W2768064608","https://openalex.org/W2786379237","https://openalex.org/W2806082141","https://openalex.org/W2883233582","https://openalex.org/W2892948265","https://openalex.org/W2901329636","https://openalex.org/W2910145171","https://openalex.org/W2912420078","https://openalex.org/W2919023666","https://openalex.org/W2963957509","https://openalex.org/W2969585684","https://openalex.org/W3087931608","https://openalex.org/W3102733833","https://openalex.org/W3118608800","https://openalex.org/W3128117720","https://openalex.org/W3135872251","https://openalex.org/W3207564139","https://openalex.org/W4200573115","https://openalex.org/W4205487339","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W4248074662","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6783545437"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2148973528","https://openalex.org/W2939392096","https://openalex.org/W4243922849","https://openalex.org/W2106726851","https://openalex.org/W4309385482","https://openalex.org/W2792878404","https://openalex.org/W2068740952","https://openalex.org/W1583147569","https://openalex.org/W2182496537","https://openalex.org/W1716757876"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Deep":[0],"neural":[1,42,75,170,191,225],"networks":[2,43,76,128,131,171,192,226],"have":[3,44],"achieved":[4],"remarkable":[5],"success":[6],"in":[7],"various":[8],"fields":[9],"of":[10,21,90,101,184,197,223],"artificial":[11],"intelligence.":[12],"However,":[13],"these":[14],"models,":[15],"which":[16,52],"contain":[17],"a":[18,68,107,121,216],"large":[19],"number":[20],"parameters,":[22],"are":[23],"widely":[24],"distributed":[25],"and":[26,31,129,150,153,176,209],"disseminated":[27],"by":[28],"researchers,":[29],"engineers,":[30],"even":[32],"unauthorized":[33],"users.":[34],"Except":[35],"for":[36,49,74,78,162,190],"intelligent":[37],"tasks,":[38],"typically":[39],"overparameterized":[40],"deep":[41,224],"become":[45],"new":[46],"digital":[47,203],"covers":[48],"data":[50,92,228],"hiding,":[51],"may":[53],"pose":[54],"significant":[55],"security":[56,222],"challenges":[57],"to":[58,95,114,137,147,165,201,219],"AI":[59],"systems.":[60],"To":[61],"address":[62],"this":[63,65],"issue,":[64],"paper":[66],"proposes":[67],"symmetric":[69,122],"steganalysis":[70,189],"scheme":[71,180,214],"specifically":[72],"designed":[73],"trained":[77],"image":[79],"classification":[80,140],"tasks.":[81],"The":[82],"proposed":[83,213],"method":[84,109,143],"focuses":[85],"on":[86,111,173,188,194],"detecting":[87],"the":[88,96,102,116,126,139,142,159,182,195,212,221],"presence":[89],"additional":[91],"without":[93],"access":[94],"internal":[97],"structure":[98],"or":[99],"parameters":[100],"host":[103],"network.":[104],"It":[105],"employs":[106],"well-designed":[108],"based":[110,172,193],"histogram":[112],"distribution":[113,196],"find":[115],"optimal":[117],"decision":[118],"threshold,":[119],"with":[120],"determining":[123],"rule":[124],"where":[125],"original":[127],"stego":[130],"undergo":[132],"two":[133],"highly":[134],"symmetrical":[135],"flows":[136],"generate":[138],"labels;":[141],"has":[144],"been":[145],"shown":[146],"be":[148],"practical":[149],"effective.":[151],"SVM":[152],"ensemble":[154],"classifiers":[155],"were":[156],"chosen":[157],"as":[158,206],"binary":[160],"classifier":[161],"their":[163],"applicability":[164],"feature":[166],"vectors":[167],"output":[168],"from":[169],"different":[174],"datasets":[175],"network":[177,198],"structures.":[178],"This":[179],"is":[181],"first":[183],"its":[185],"kind,":[186],"focusing":[187],"output,":[199],"compared":[200],"conventional":[202],"media":[204],"such":[205],"images,":[207],"audio,":[208],"video.":[210],"Overall,":[211],"offers":[215],"promising":[217],"approach":[218],"enhancing":[220],"against":[227],"hiding":[229],"attacks.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
