{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4381659161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051019","title":"Efficient Multi-Source Self-Attention Data Fusion for FDIA Detection in Smart Grid","display_name":"Efficient Multi-Source Self-Attention Data Fusion for FDIA Detection in Smart Grid","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-05-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4381659161","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15051019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1019/pdf?version=1683181171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1019/pdf?version=1683181171","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054597820","display_name":"Yi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5913-2126"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5913-2126","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051715061","display_name":"Qiankuan Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiankuan Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052585285","display_name":"Naiwang Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3595-9639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Naiwang Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032861309","display_name":"Yingjie Tian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4675-0398"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126065","display_name":"Shanghai Electric (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/0314qy595","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yingjie Tian","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company, Shanghai 200122, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126065"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001193910","display_name":"Fengyong Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8164"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fengyong Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3385-8164","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Computer Science and Technology, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065090019","display_name":"Xiangjing Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0369-8523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiangjing Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Electrical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 201306, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001193910"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.2017,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93346796,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"5","first_page":"1019","last_page":"1019"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.991599977016449,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11609","display_name":"Geophysical Methods and Applications","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12737","display_name":"Electrical Fault Detection and Protection","score":0.9866999983787537,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8115686178207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6119317412376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/smart-grid","display_name":"Smart grid","score":0.5542899966239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5303120613098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-redundancy","display_name":"Data redundancy","score":0.527173638343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensor-fusion","display_name":"Sensor fusion","score":0.5227927565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.5033361315727234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.41895735263824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4178518056869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.41376999020576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3930066227912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.22869792580604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/database","display_name":"Database","score":0.10260277986526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.0796470046043396}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8115686178207397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6119317412376404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10558101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q689855","display_name":"Smart grid","level":2,"score":0.5542899966239929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5303120613098145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C7545210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q838123","display_name":"Data redundancy","level":2,"score":0.527173638343811},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33954974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q486494","display_name":"Sensor fusion","level":2,"score":0.5227927565574646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.5033361315727234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.41895735263824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4178518056869507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.41376999020576477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3930066227912903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.22869792580604553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.10260277986526489},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0796470046043396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15051019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1019/pdf?version=1683181171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:52e74a413feb4b1f9cfa9a30db74939c","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/52e74a413feb4b1f9cfa9a30db74939c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 15, Iss 5, p 1019 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/15/5/1019/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15051019","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15051019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15051019","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/5/1019/pdf?version=1683181171","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336631","display_name":"State Grid Shanghai Municipal Electric Power Company","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4381659161.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125090106","https://openalex.org/W2326486505","https://openalex.org/W2596043126","https://openalex.org/W2756959124","https://openalex.org/W2765854388","https://openalex.org/W2839695880","https://openalex.org/W2906625139","https://openalex.org/W2911667489","https://openalex.org/W2921290626","https://openalex.org/W2953762734","https://openalex.org/W2954535443","https://openalex.org/W3014631894","https://openalex.org/W3023328046","https://openalex.org/W3083906615","https://openalex.org/W3089472260","https://openalex.org/W3094052018","https://openalex.org/W3106298483","https://openalex.org/W3139360300","https://openalex.org/W3200456058","https://openalex.org/W3210646981","https://openalex.org/W4226377285","https://openalex.org/W4292408691","https://openalex.org/W4293234634","https://openalex.org/W4293235212","https://openalex.org/W4313327750","https://openalex.org/W4317622383","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6744505293","https://openalex.org/W6775776312","https://openalex.org/W6782594090","https://openalex.org/W6783875467","https://openalex.org/W6803508786"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2002428578","https://openalex.org/W2897258045","https://openalex.org/W2072332896","https://openalex.org/W2018406690","https://openalex.org/W2951748633","https://openalex.org/W2057691131","https://openalex.org/W2952039693","https://openalex.org/W4280621979","https://openalex.org/W4292309272","https://openalex.org/W2362638961"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"As":[0],"a":[1,89,109,126,142,161,195,228],"new":[2],"cyber-attack":[3],"method":[4],"in":[5,74],"power":[6,19,35,42],"cyber":[7],"physical":[8],"systems,":[9],"false-data-injection":[10,80,191],"attacks":[11],"(FDIAs)":[12],"mainly":[13],"disturb":[14],"the":[15,24,34,39,53,64,75,84,115,121,172,181,213,234],"operating":[16],"state":[17],"of":[18,27,41,78],"systems":[20,207],"by":[21,33,134],"tampering":[22],"with":[23,233],"measurement":[25],"data":[26,59,71,92,104,119,223],"sensors,":[28],"thereby":[29],"avoiding":[30],"bad-data":[31],"detection":[32,47,54,100,193,230],"grid":[36],"and":[37,60,141,170,177,184,208,226],"threatening":[38],"security":[40],"systems.":[43],"However,":[44],"existing":[45],"FDIA":[46,99],"methods":[48],"usually":[49],"only":[50],"focus":[51],"on":[52],"feature":[55,65,168],"extraction":[56],"between":[57,174],"false":[58],"normal":[61],"data,":[62],"ignoring":[63],"correlation":[66],"that":[67,217],"easily":[68],"produces":[69],"diverse":[70],"redundancy,":[72],"resulting":[73],"significant":[76],"difficulty":[77],"detecting":[79],"attacks.":[81],"To":[82],"address":[83],"above":[85],"problem,":[86],"we":[87,159],"propose":[88],"multi-source":[90,117,155],"self-attention":[91,162],"fusion":[93,224],"model":[94,106,131,219],"for":[95,153],"designing":[96],"an":[97],"efficient":[98],"method.":[101],"The":[102],"proposed":[103],"fusing":[105],"firstly":[107],"employs":[108],"temporal":[110],"alignment":[111],"technique":[112],"to":[113,120,164,189],"integrate":[114],"collected":[116],"sensing":[118,156],"identical":[122],"time":[123],"dimension.":[124],"Subsequently,":[125],"symmetric":[127],"hybrid":[128,151,167],"deep":[129],"network":[130,145],"is":[132],"built":[133],"symmetrically":[135],"combining":[136],"long":[137],"short-term":[138],"memory":[139],"(LSTM)":[140],"convolution":[143,197],"neural":[144],"(CNN),":[146],"which":[147],"can":[148,220],"effectively":[149],"extract":[150],"features":[152,176,183],"different":[154],"data.":[157],"Furthermore,":[158],"design":[160],"module":[163],"further":[165],"eliminate":[166],"redundancy":[169],"aggregate":[171],"differences":[173],"attack-data":[175],"normal-data":[178],"features.":[179],"Finally,":[180],"extracted":[182],"their":[185],"weights":[186],"are":[187,201],"integrated":[188],"implement":[190],"attack":[192],"using":[194],"single":[196],"operation.":[198],"Extensive":[199],"simulations":[200],"performed":[202],"over":[203],"IEEE14":[204],"node":[205,210],"test":[206,211],"IEEE118":[209],"systems;":[212],"experimental":[214],"results":[215],"demonstrate":[216],"our":[218],"achieve":[221],"better":[222],"effects":[225],"presents":[227],"superior":[229],"performance":[231],"compared":[232],"state-of-the-art.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}