{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4319598623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020438","title":"A Hybrid Cross Layer with Harris-Hawk-Optimization-Based Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks","display_name":"A Hybrid Cross Layer with Harris-Hawk-Optimization-Based Efficient Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-02-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4319598623","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020438"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15020438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020438","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/438/pdf?version=1675759791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/438/pdf?version=1675759791","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053458745","display_name":"Xingsi Xue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-8782"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I83791580","display_name":"Fujian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03c8fdb16","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xingsi Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3008-8782","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Big Data Mining and Applications, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350011, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I83791580"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031047000","display_name":"S. Ramalingam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-0474"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155381","display_name":"Sri Eshwar College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02f1z8215","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ramalingam Shanmugam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3050-0474","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155381"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035809866","display_name":"Satheeshkumar Palanisamy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-4381"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"SatheeshKumar Palanisamy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, India"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9267-4381","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Coimbatore Institute of Technology, Coimbatore 641014, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078433539","display_name":"Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4750-8384"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56409017","display_name":"Nahrain University","ror":"https://ror.org/05v2p9075","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Osamah Ibrahim Khalaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Al-Nahrain Renewable Energy Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64074, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4750-8384","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Al-Nahrain Renewable Energy Research Center, Al-Nahrain University, Baghdad 64074, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56409017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101904284","display_name":"S. Dhanasekaran","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6578-3956"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4387155381","display_name":"Sri Eshwar College of Engineering","ror":"https://ror.org/02f1z8215","country_code":null,"type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4387155381"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dhanasekaran Selvaraj","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of ECE, Sri Eshwar College of Engineering, Coimbatore 641202, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4387155381"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012007672","display_name":"Ghaida Muttashar Abdulsahib","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3780-3045"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I171256487","display_name":"University of Technology - Iraq","ror":"https://ror.org/01w1ehb86","country_code":"IQ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}],"countries":["IQ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghaida Muttashar Abdulsahib","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad 64074, Iraq"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, University of Technology, Baghdad 64074, Iraq","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I171256487"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035809866","https://openalex.org/A5053458745","https://openalex.org/A5078433539"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56409017","https://openalex.org/I83791580"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":29.3321,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":153,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99875286,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"15","issue":"2","first_page":"438","last_page":"438"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13345","display_name":"Advanced Technologies and Applied Computing","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13345","display_name":"Advanced Technologies and Applied Computing","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14413","display_name":"Advanced Technologies in Various Fields","score":0.9782999753952026,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14139","display_name":"E-commerce and Technology Innovations","score":0.9750999808311462,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1403","display_name":"Business and International Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7474009990692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cross-layer-optimization","display_name":"Cross-layer optimization","score":0.5735360980033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/routing-protocol","display_name":"Routing protocol","score":0.5717299580574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.5694952011108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.5309426784515381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5224170684814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/link-state-routing-protocol","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","score":0.46817201375961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.45737719535827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamic-source-routing","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","score":0.4428543746471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-layer","display_name":"Network layer","score":0.4126792550086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4118138551712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-network","display_name":"Wireless network","score":0.22433146834373474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.21728819608688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/layer","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","score":0.18199750781059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09131139516830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.06735929846763611}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7474009990692139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779851314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3698644","display_name":"Cross-layer optimization","level":4,"score":0.5735360980033875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.5717299580574036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.5694952011108398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.5309426784515381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5224170684814453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.46817201375961304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.45737719535827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9659607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1268903","display_name":"Dynamic Source Routing","level":4,"score":0.4428543746471405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117468950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208074","display_name":"Network layer","level":3,"score":0.4126792550086975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4118138551712036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.22433146834373474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.21728819608688354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.18199750781059265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09131139516830444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.06735929846763611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178790620","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351","display_name":"Organic chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15020438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020438","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/438/pdf?version=1675759791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f6ebdf908c8a49078b6f8365ecb6b842","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f6ebdf908c8a49078b6f8365ecb6b842","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 15, Iss 2, p 438 (2023)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/15/2/438/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym15020438","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym15020438","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym15020438","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/15/2/438/pdf?version=1675759791","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8999999761581421,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","display_name":"Affordable and clean energy"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4319598623.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":64,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W994498878","https://openalex.org/W1493336326","https://openalex.org/W1849188064","https://openalex.org/W1984273881","https://openalex.org/W2068792673","https://openalex.org/W2237001000","https://openalex.org/W2321006624","https://openalex.org/W2413566101","https://openalex.org/W2518550118","https://openalex.org/W2559770398","https://openalex.org/W2744873780","https://openalex.org/W2805018159","https://openalex.org/W2806129004","https://openalex.org/W2969948843","https://openalex.org/W3002229880","https://openalex.org/W3004590599","https://openalex.org/W3008215755","https://openalex.org/W3013816514","https://openalex.org/W3026655825","https://openalex.org/W3040245255","https://openalex.org/W3094470464","https://openalex.org/W3097669770","https://openalex.org/W3111049386","https://openalex.org/W3111727521","https://openalex.org/W3125437631","https://openalex.org/W3128075147","https://openalex.org/W3134995152","https://openalex.org/W3135774809","https://openalex.org/W3152423673","https://openalex.org/W3156755161","https://openalex.org/W3167864843","https://openalex.org/W3176857556","https://openalex.org/W3185332361","https://openalex.org/W3204940945","https://openalex.org/W3214929963","https://openalex.org/W4205357618","https://openalex.org/W4206088260","https://openalex.org/W4206839766","https://openalex.org/W4210338374","https://openalex.org/W4210789460","https://openalex.org/W4225289173","https://openalex.org/W4280497435","https://openalex.org/W4281969230","https://openalex.org/W4282828859","https://openalex.org/W4283366757","https://openalex.org/W4285226487","https://openalex.org/W4285267759","https://openalex.org/W4289529973","https://openalex.org/W4295183066","https://openalex.org/W4307306492","https://openalex.org/W4308118386","https://openalex.org/W4308206659","https://openalex.org/W4308659786","https://openalex.org/W4308797314","https://openalex.org/W4310147157","https://openalex.org/W4311057580","https://openalex.org/W4313328144","https://openalex.org/W4313328611","https://openalex.org/W6639098078","https://openalex.org/W6797035523","https://openalex.org/W6840820755","https://openalex.org/W6848283861","https://openalex.org/W6848440573","https://openalex.org/W6881273094"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121798534","https://openalex.org/W2082566976","https://openalex.org/W3015146798","https://openalex.org/W1997091564","https://openalex.org/W2183828735","https://openalex.org/W2102655743","https://openalex.org/W2105937634","https://openalex.org/W2740434786","https://openalex.org/W2554647918","https://openalex.org/W2081964190"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Efficient":[0],"clustering":[1,29],"and":[2,30,65,75,81,88,114,144,155],"routing":[3,35,58,127,137],"is":[4,52,60],"a":[5,9,48],"main":[6],"challenge":[7],"in":[8,44,102],"wireless":[10,45],"sensor":[11,46],"network":[12,111],"(WSN).":[13],"To":[14,39],"achieve":[15],"better":[16],"quality-of-service":[17],"(QoS)":[18],"performance,":[19],"this":[20],"work":[21],"introduces":[22],"k-medoids":[23],"with":[24],"improved":[25],"artificial-bee-colony":[26],"(K-IABC)-based":[27],"energy-efficient":[28,132],"the":[31,41,77,89,151,158],"cross-layer-based":[32,49,145],"Harris-hawks-optimization-algorithm":[33],"(CL-HHO)":[34],"protocol":[36,138],"for":[37],"WSN.":[38],"overcome":[40],"power-asymmetry":[42],"problem":[43],"networks,":[47],"optimal-routing":[50],"solution":[51],"proposed.":[53],"The":[54,97],"goal":[55],"of":[56],"cross-layer":[57],"algorithms":[59],"to":[61,73,93,125,150],"decrease":[62],"network-transmission":[63],"delay":[64,108],"power":[66],"consumption.":[67],"This":[68],"algorithm":[69],"which":[70],"was":[71,84],"used":[72],"evaluate":[74],"select":[76],"effective":[78],"path":[79],"route":[80],"data":[82,133],"transfer":[83],"implemented":[85],"using":[86],"MATLAB,":[87],"results":[90,118],"were":[91],"compared":[92],"some":[94],"existing":[95],"techniques.":[96],"proposed":[98,159],"CL-HHO":[99,160],"performs":[100],"well":[101],"packet-loss":[103],"ratio":[104],"(PLR),":[105],"throughput,":[106],"end-to-end":[107],"(E2E),":[109],"jitter,":[110],"lifetime":[112],"(NLT)":[113],"buffer":[115],"occupancy.":[116],"These":[117],"are":[119],"then":[120],"validated":[121],"by":[122],"comparing":[123],"them":[124],"traditional":[126],"strategies":[128],"such":[129],"as":[130],"hierarchical":[131],"gathering":[134],"(HEED),":[135],"energy-efficient-clustering":[136],"(EECRP),":[139],"Grey":[140],"wolf":[141],"optimization":[142,147],"(GWO),":[143],"Ant-Lion":[146],"(CL-ALO).":[148],"Compared":[149],"HEED,":[152],"EECRP,":[153],"GWO,":[154],"CL-ALO":[156],"algorithms,":[157],"outperforms":[161],"them.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":40},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":72},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":26}],"updated_date":"2026-05-27T09:02:27.158192","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}