{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4311102208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122549","title":"FUSION: Measuring Binary Function Similarity with Code-Specific Embedding and Order-Sensitive GNN","display_name":"FUSION: Measuring Binary Function Similarity with Code-Specific Embedding and Order-Sensitive GNN","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-12-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4311102208","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14122549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122549","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/12/2549/pdf?version=1669962943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/12/2549/pdf?version=1669962943","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101443945","display_name":"Hao Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6225-3403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hao Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyber Science and Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100378774","display_name":"Tong Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0683-4669"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tong Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077331062","display_name":"Songqiang Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1220-8728"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Songqiang Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056155495","display_name":"Lina Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8085-1312"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lina Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100296468","display_name":"Fajiang Yu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I37461747","display_name":"Wuhan University","ror":"https://ror.org/033vjfk17","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fajiang Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratory of Aerospace Information Security and Trusted Computing, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430001, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5056155495"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I37461747"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.5487,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87085036,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"12","first_page":"2549","last_page":"2549"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10260","display_name":"Software Engineering Research","score":0.987500011920929,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12808","display_name":"Ferroelectric and Negative Capacitance Devices","score":0.9811000227928162,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12254","display_name":"Machine Learning in Bioinformatics","score":0.954800009727478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7170648574829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.6165368556976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.5911911725997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-code","display_name":"Binary code","score":0.5850733518600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/code","display_name":"Code (set theory)","score":0.5750821232795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4809343218803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity-measure","display_name":"Similarity measure","score":0.4747764766216278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4469946622848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4468631148338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.35388925671577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33757901191711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1934460997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.09466552734375}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7170648574829102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.6165368556976318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.5911911725997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63435697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864135","display_name":"Binary code","level":3,"score":0.5850733518600464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776760102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5139990","display_name":"Code (set theory)","level":3,"score":0.5750821232795715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4809343218803406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776517306","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29017317","display_name":"Similarity measure","level":2,"score":0.4747764766216278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4469946622848511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4468631148338318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.35388925671577454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33757901191711426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1934460997581482},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.09466552734375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14122549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122549","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/12/2549/pdf?version=1669962943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:c1b170ed6126437b9607337a03b21396","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/c1b170ed6126437b9607337a03b21396","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 12, p 2549 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/12/2549/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14122549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14122549","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14122549","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/12/2549/pdf?version=1669962943","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.6200000047683716}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5541212510","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61876134","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6107093909","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020YFB1805400","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6555179572","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2021YFB3100700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8914308280","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U1836112","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311102208.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4311102208.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1662382123","https://openalex.org/W1910686388","https://openalex.org/W2165597437","https://openalex.org/W2514974017","https://openalex.org/W2532962075","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2749008552","https://openalex.org/W2886694146","https://openalex.org/W2888320512","https://openalex.org/W2901689459","https://openalex.org/W2926178846","https://openalex.org/W2942259124","https://openalex.org/W2945316254","https://openalex.org/W2963408280","https://openalex.org/W2968479675","https://openalex.org/W2997915791","https://openalex.org/W3007413911","https://openalex.org/W3023328720","https://openalex.org/W3093415205","https://openalex.org/W3098380913","https://openalex.org/W3105926539","https://openalex.org/W3106692695","https://openalex.org/W3133719257","https://openalex.org/W4226057883","https://openalex.org/W4399793829","https://openalex.org/W6608822657","https://openalex.org/W6639864006","https://openalex.org/W6756838142"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2319693127","https://openalex.org/W308539617","https://openalex.org/W2072263576","https://openalex.org/W2474567666","https://openalex.org/W1940044583","https://openalex.org/W2806903871","https://openalex.org/W4320802053","https://openalex.org/W2134880816","https://openalex.org/W2111298487","https://openalex.org/W2510680828"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Binary":[0],"code":[1,68,78],"similarity":[2,131,141,167,189],"measurement":[3],"is":[4,145],"a":[5,41,80,126,146],"popular":[6],"research":[7],"area":[8],"in":[9,100,159,195],"binary":[10,64,143,165,188],"analysis":[11],"with":[12,168],"the":[13,25,51,58,63,76,96,101,111,116,140,153,164,181,186],"recent":[14],"development":[15],"of":[16,38,98,110,118,142,155],"deep":[17],"learning-based":[18],"models.":[19],"Current":[20],"state-of-the-art":[21,187],"methods":[22,47,72,190],"often":[23],"use":[24,50],"pre-trained":[26],"language":[27,82],"model":[28],"(PTLM)":[29],"to":[30,56,193],"embed":[31,57],"instructions":[32],"into":[33],"basic":[34],"blocks":[35],"as":[36,79],"representations":[37],"nodes":[39],"within":[40],"control":[42],"flow":[43],"graph":[44,52],"(CFG).":[45],"These":[46],"will":[48],"then":[49],"neural":[53],"network":[54],"(GNN)":[55],"whole":[59],"CFG":[60,102],"and":[61,84,135,157,174,197],"measure":[62,163],"similarities":[65],"between":[66],"these":[67,71],"embeddings.":[69],"However,":[70],"almost":[73],"directly":[74],"treat":[75],"assembly":[77],"natural":[81],"text":[83],"ignore":[85],"its":[86],"code-specific":[87,133,170],"features":[88],"when":[89],"training":[90,172],"PTLM.":[91],"Moreover,":[92],"They":[93,162],"barely":[94],"consider":[95,104],"direction":[97],"edges":[99],"or":[103],"it":[105],"less":[106],"efficient.":[107],"The":[108],"weaknesses":[109],"above":[112],"approaches":[113],"may":[114],"limit":[115],"performances":[117],"previous":[119],"methods.":[120],"In":[121],"this":[122],"paper,":[123],"we":[124,149],"propose":[125],"novel":[127],"method":[128],"called":[129],"function":[130,166],"using":[132],"PPTs":[134],"order-sensitive":[136,176],"GNN":[137],"(FUSION).":[138],"Since":[139],"codes":[144],"symmetric/asymmetric":[147],"problem,":[148],"were":[150],"guided":[151],"by":[152,191],"ideas":[154],"symmetry":[156],"asymmetry":[158],"our":[160],"research.":[161],"two":[169],"PTLM":[171],"strategies":[173],"an":[175],"GNN,":[177],"which,":[178],"respectively,":[179],"alleviate":[180],"aforementioned":[182],"weaknesses.":[183],"FUSION":[184],"outperforms":[185],"up":[192],"5.4%":[194],"accuracy,":[196],"performs":[198],"significantly":[199],"better.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
