{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4307623943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112276","title":"Gravitational Waves, Event Horizons and Black Hole Observation: A New Frontier in Fundamental Physics","display_name":"Gravitational Waves, Event Horizons and Black Hole Observation: A New Frontier in Fundamental Physics","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-10-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4307623943","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112276"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14112276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112276","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/11/2276/pdf?version=1667110422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/11/2276/pdf?version=1667110422","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063159069","display_name":"M. Giammarchi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-6467"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136779","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano","ror":"https://ror.org/04w4m6z96","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marco Giammarchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare\u2014Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-6467","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare\u2014Sezione di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136779"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fulvio Ricci","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-4447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I160013858","display_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare","ror":"https://ror.org/005ta0471","country_code":"IT","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fulvio Ricci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, I-00185 Roma, Italy","Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5475-4447","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Fisica, Universit\u00e0 di Roma \u201cLa Sapienza\u201d, I-00185 Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare di Roma, I-00185 Roma, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I160013858","https://openalex.org/I861853513"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4346,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66682831,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"11","first_page":"2276","last_page":"2276"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10463","display_name":"Pulsars and Gravitational Waves Research","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10818","display_name":"Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3106","display_name":"Nuclear and High Energy Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10095","display_name":"Cosmology and Gravitation Theories","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3103","display_name":"Astronomy and Astrophysics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.8982340097427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supermassive-black-hole","display_name":"Supermassive black hole","score":0.734659731388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ligo","display_name":"LIGO","score":0.7047641277313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-black-hole","display_name":"Binary black hole","score":0.6878812909126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-wave","display_name":"Gravitational wave","score":0.6271830797195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event-horizon","display_name":"Event horizon","score":0.6038622260093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/general-relativity","display_name":"General relativity","score":0.5903269648551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-hole","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","score":0.5836087465286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy","display_name":"Astronomy","score":0.5242781043052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gravitational-wave-observatory","display_name":"Gravitational-wave observatory","score":0.5230209231376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics","display_name":"Astrophysics","score":0.5219911336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/galaxy","display_name":"Galaxy","score":0.3801603317260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.25564518570899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/horizon","display_name":"Horizon","score":0.25139671564102173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.8982340097427368},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173120059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40392","display_name":"Supermassive black hole","level":3,"score":0.734659731388092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780688901","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q255371","display_name":"LIGO","level":3,"score":0.7047641277313232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32602459","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4913879","display_name":"Binary black hole","level":3,"score":0.6878812909126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190330329","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190035","display_name":"Gravitational wave","level":2,"score":0.6271830797195435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148292158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181741","display_name":"Event horizon","level":3,"score":0.6038622260093689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147452769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11452","display_name":"General relativity","level":2,"score":0.5903269648551941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50341732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q880302","display_name":"Black hole (networking)","level":5,"score":0.5836087465286255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1276947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333","display_name":"Astronomy","level":1,"score":0.5242781043052673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107195408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2302080","display_name":"Gravitational-wave observatory","level":3,"score":0.5230209231376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44870925","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547","display_name":"Astrophysics","level":1,"score":0.5219911336898804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98444146","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q318","display_name":"Galaxy","level":2,"score":0.3801603317260742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.25564518570899963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159176650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43261","display_name":"Horizon","level":2,"score":0.25139671564102173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89305328","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755411","display_name":"Link-state routing protocol","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74172769","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1446839","display_name":"Routing (electronic design automation)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104954878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648707","display_name":"Routing protocol","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14112276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112276","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/11/2276/pdf?version=1667110422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:def1de39956f4fdb9234fb8a103b734b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/def1de39956f4fdb9234fb8a103b734b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 11, p 2276 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/11/2276/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14112276","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:zenodo.org:142351","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.openaccessrepository.it/record/142351","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402478","display_name":"INFM-OAR (INFN Catania)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210116497","host_organization_name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Catania","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210116497"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14112276","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14112276","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/11/2276/pdf?version=1667110422","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4307623943.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1650148380","https://openalex.org/W1689540754","https://openalex.org/W1965571158","https://openalex.org/W1994870116","https://openalex.org/W2007658843","https://openalex.org/W2022487148","https://openalex.org/W2052907476","https://openalex.org/W2073862476","https://openalex.org/W2090386790","https://openalex.org/W2097618194","https://openalex.org/W2119274730","https://openalex.org/W2122578859","https://openalex.org/W2135894620","https://openalex.org/W2146478425","https://openalex.org/W2158293236","https://openalex.org/W2252795400","https://openalex.org/W2765081049","https://openalex.org/W2768914281","https://openalex.org/W2772506616","https://openalex.org/W2885150380","https://openalex.org/W2889248467","https://openalex.org/W2936095933","https://openalex.org/W2939589710","https://openalex.org/W2971100406","https://openalex.org/W2997336796","https://openalex.org/W3062583422","https://openalex.org/W3098349369","https://openalex.org/W3102149114","https://openalex.org/W3105852821","https://openalex.org/W3137038733","https://openalex.org/W3139022070","https://openalex.org/W4213337380","https://openalex.org/W4220730736","https://openalex.org/W4237755960","https://openalex.org/W4292056894","https://openalex.org/W4297521006","https://openalex.org/W4317423750","https://openalex.org/W6636952133","https://openalex.org/W6656051977"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4297814309","https://openalex.org/W2788947661","https://openalex.org/W976061091","https://openalex.org/W3150049838","https://openalex.org/W3103999660","https://openalex.org/W1771962283","https://openalex.org/W2108389059","https://openalex.org/W2008578001","https://openalex.org/W4394634291","https://openalex.org/W3021877805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,109,147],"observation":[1],"of":[2,15,23,38,63,79,106,111,119,130,135,139,150,169,184,204,207],"supermassive":[3,112],"black":[4,29,47,113],"holes":[5,30,48,114],"by":[6,31,45,122,153],"the":[7,13,20,32,61,77,83,99,103,117,128,133,136,154,175,179,182,205,209,212],"Event":[8],"Horizon":[9],"Telescope":[10],"Collaboration":[11],"and":[12,102,211],"detection":[14,110,183],"gravitational":[16,65],"waves":[17],"emitted":[18,44],"during":[19],"merging":[21],"phase":[22],"compact":[24],"binary":[25,107],"objects":[26],"to":[27,52,70,94,126,161,177],"stellar-mass":[28,46],"LIGO\u2013Virgo\u2013KAGRA":[33,210],"collaboration":[34],"constitute":[35],"major":[36],"achievements":[37],"modern":[39],"science.":[40],"Gravitational":[41],"wave":[42],"signals":[43],"are":[49],"being":[50],"used":[51,160],"test":[53],"general":[54,163],"relativity":[55,164],"in":[56,60,92,165,199],"an":[57],"unprecedented":[58],"way":[59,180],"regime":[62],"strong":[64],"fields,":[66],"as":[67,69,76,142,144,188],"well":[68,143],"address":[71],"other":[72,145],"physics":[73],"questions":[74,97],"such":[75,187],"formation":[78,104],"heavy":[80],"elements":[81],"or":[82],"Hawking":[84],"Area":[85],"Theorem.":[86],"These":[87,172],"discoveries":[88],"require":[89],"further":[90,167],"research":[91],"order":[93],"answer":[95],"critical":[96],"about":[98],"population":[100],"density":[101],"processes":[105],"systems.":[108],"considerably":[115],"extends":[116],"range":[118,168],"scientific":[120],"investigation":[121],"making":[123],"it":[124],"possible":[125,190],"probe":[127],"structure":[129],"spacetime":[131],"around":[132],"horizon":[134],"central":[137],"mass":[138],"our":[140],"galaxy":[141],"galaxies.":[146],"huge":[148],"amount":[149],"information":[151],"collected":[152],"VLBI":[155],"worldwide":[156],"network":[157],"will":[158,197],"be":[159],"investigate":[162],"a":[166,189,200],"physical":[170],"conditions.":[171],"investigations":[173],"hold":[174],"potential":[176],"pave":[178],"for":[181],"quantum-mechanical":[185],"effects":[186],"graviton":[191],"mass.":[192],"In":[193],"this":[194],"paper":[195],"we":[196],"review,":[198],"cursory":[201],"way,":[202],"some":[203],"results":[206],"both":[208],"EHT":[213],"collaborations.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
