{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4298003805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101994","title":"Load Frequency Controller Design Based on the Direct Synthesis Approach Using a 2DoF-IMC Scheme for a Multi-Area Power System","display_name":"Load Frequency Controller Design Based on the Direct Synthesis Approach Using a 2DoF-IMC Scheme for a Multi-Area Power System","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-09-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4298003805","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14101994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101994","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/10/1994/pdf?version=1665756621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/10/1994/pdf?version=1665756621","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101758281","display_name":"Anand Kumar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0098-2967"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anand Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, YBN University, Ranchi 834010, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, YBN University, Ranchi 834010, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067684950","display_name":"Md. Parvez Anwar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6853-9382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I11793825","display_name":"National Institute of Technology Patna","ror":"https://ror.org/056wyhh33","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I11793825","https://openalex.org/I4210152752"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Md Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Patna 800005, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11793825"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087704819","display_name":"Mikul\u00e1\u0161 Huba","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-1894"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110757952","display_name":"Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava","ror":"https://ror.org/0561ghm58","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mikulas Huba","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Slovak University of Technology, 381219 Bratislava, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4957-1894","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Automotive Mechatronics, Slovak University of Technology, 381219 Bratislava, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110757952"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067684950"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I11793825"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4616,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.61252355,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"10","first_page":"1994","last_page":"1994"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12277","display_name":"Frequency Control in Power Systems","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9846000075340271,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10305","display_name":"Power System Optimization and Stability","score":0.9751999974250793,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.8828312754631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.7288926839828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-model","display_name":"Internal model","score":0.7071493864059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-frequency-control","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","score":0.5047425031661987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-function","display_name":"Transfer function","score":0.497374564409256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.46360906958580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-power-system","display_name":"Electric power system","score":0.4554438591003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closed-loop-transfer-function","display_name":"Closed-loop transfer function","score":0.4534889757633209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44154107570648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.4403592646121979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2490932047367096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.16710317134857178}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.8828312754631042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.7288926839828491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28427503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13580300","display_name":"Internal model","level":3,"score":0.7071493864059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25915539","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220786","display_name":"Automatic frequency control","level":2,"score":0.5047425031661987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81299745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334269","display_name":"Transfer function","level":2,"score":0.497374564409256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46360906958580017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89227174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2388981","display_name":"Electric power system","level":3,"score":0.4554438591003418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158664035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1477205","display_name":"Closed-loop transfer function","level":3,"score":0.4534889757633209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44154107570648193},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.4403592646121979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2490932047367096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.16710317134857178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14101994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101994","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/10/1994/pdf?version=1665756621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:6b0b91724767422a824dc217d12c691e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/6b0b91724767422a824dc217d12c691e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 10, p 1994 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/10/1994/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14101994","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14101994","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14101994","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/10/1994/pdf?version=1665756621","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4298003805.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1968023606","https://openalex.org/W1998441609","https://openalex.org/W2010140147","https://openalex.org/W2036664913","https://openalex.org/W2051869576","https://openalex.org/W2070449918","https://openalex.org/W2109631216","https://openalex.org/W2287324317","https://openalex.org/W2516343688","https://openalex.org/W2576313361","https://openalex.org/W2599790086","https://openalex.org/W2611956627","https://openalex.org/W2625429046","https://openalex.org/W2771681992","https://openalex.org/W2883164229","https://openalex.org/W2889538283","https://openalex.org/W3118127913","https://openalex.org/W4220937263","https://openalex.org/W4280551288"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4205874523","https://openalex.org/W2074844204","https://openalex.org/W2386589056","https://openalex.org/W2384522253","https://openalex.org/W2079261605","https://openalex.org/W2324371777","https://openalex.org/W2754158320","https://openalex.org/W2114512726","https://openalex.org/W2032315488","https://openalex.org/W1577396799"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0],"maintain":[1],"reliable":[2],"and":[3,32,82,138,189,226,230],"sustainable":[4],"power":[5,123,224,232,249],"supply,":[6],"the":[7,60,63,71,74,78,100,106,126,135,148,155,162,167,170,175,181,187,190,202,211,222,247,253,256,269,272,279,287],"frequency":[8],"should":[9],"be":[10],"kept":[11],"constant":[12],"under":[13],"varying":[14],"load":[15],"conditions.":[16],"The":[17,43,142,207,234,275],"two":[18,95,129],"degrees":[19,96],"of":[20,45,62,73,80,97,174,186,210,236,255,271,278],"freedom":[21,98],"internal":[22,149],"model":[23,150,177],"control":[24,30,79,134,151,219,281],"(2DoF-IMC)":[25],"scheme":[26,114,282],"is":[27,33,54,68,86,145,159,178,193,283],"a":[28,112,116,121,196],"robust":[29],"technique":[31],"efficient":[34],"for":[35,115,217],"load-disturbance":[36,139,156],"rejection":[37,157],"problems":[38],"in":[39,99,221,246],"industrial":[40],"process":[41],"control.":[42],"asymmetry":[44],"IMC":[46],"compared":[47],"to":[48,133,200,228,251,267],"other":[49],"methods":[50],"regarding":[51],"controller":[52,144,158,192,205],"design":[53],"that":[55],"it":[56,85],"does":[57],"not":[58],"guarantee":[59],"stability":[61,72],"system":[64,176,188,225,250],"by":[65],"itself":[66],"but":[67],"based":[69],"on":[70],"controlled":[75],"system.":[76,124],"For":[77],"less-stable":[81],"unstable":[83],"systems,":[84],"therefore":[87],"usually":[88],"supplemented":[89],"with":[90,180],"an":[91],"additional":[92],"controller,":[93],"establishing":[94],"overall":[101,276],"design.":[102],"In":[103,125,166],"this":[104],"manuscript,":[105],"load-frequency-regulation":[107],"problem":[108],"was":[109,244,264],"investigated":[110,245],"using":[111],"2DoF-IMC":[113,127],"single-area":[117,223,248],"as":[118,120,239],"well":[119],"multi-area":[122],"scheme,":[128],"controllers":[130],"are":[131],"used":[132],"set-point":[136,143],"response":[137,140],"separately.":[141],"designed":[146,160],"through":[147],"(IMC)":[152],"principle,":[153],"whereas":[154],"via":[161],"direct-synthesis":[163],"(DS)":[164],"approach.":[165],"DS":[168],"approach,":[169],"closed-loop":[171,183],"transfer":[172,184],"function":[173,185],"matched":[179],"desired":[182],"disturbance-rejection":[191],"approximated":[194],"at":[195],"very":[197],"low-frequency":[198],"point":[199],"obtain":[201],"proportional\u2013derivative":[203],"(PD)":[204],"parameter.":[206],"simulation":[208],"results":[209],"proposed":[212,257,273,280],"method":[213],"provide":[214],"satisfactory":[215],"performance":[216,277],"load-frequency":[218],"(LFC)":[220],"extended":[227],"two-area":[229],"four-area":[231],"systems.":[233],"effect":[235],"non-linearity,":[237],"such":[238],"generation":[240],"rate":[241],"constraint":[242],"(GRC),":[243],"establish":[252],"efficacy":[254],"method.":[258,274],"A":[259],"random":[260],"step":[261],"loading":[262],"pattern":[263],"also":[265],"considered":[266],"confirm":[268],"robustness":[270],"comparatively":[284],"better":[285],"than":[286],"recently":[288],"reported":[289],"work.":[290]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}