{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4220934357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030580","title":"A Novel Anti-Saturation Model-Free Adaptive Control Algorithm and Its Application in the Electric Vehicle Braking Energy Recovery System","display_name":"A Novel Anti-Saturation Model-Free Adaptive Control Algorithm and Its Application in the Electric Vehicle Braking Energy Recovery System","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-03-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4220934357","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14030580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/3/580/pdf?version=1647351969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/3/580/pdf?version=1647351969","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076325541","display_name":"Shida Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0031-9359"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shida Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100332655","display_name":"Zhen Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1166-9482"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091452436","display_name":"Honghai Ji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0452-2140"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Honghai Ji","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100335921","display_name":"Li Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0370-0008"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1456306","display_name":"North China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01nky7652","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Li Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing 100144, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082706113","display_name":"Zhongsheng Hou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5278-3420"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108688024","display_name":"Qingdao University","ror":"https://ror.org/021cj6z65","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhongsheng Hou","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qinhuangdao 266071, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Automation, Qingdao University, Qinhuangdao 266071, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108688024"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5091452436"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1456306"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7747,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.67946647,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"3","first_page":"580","last_page":"580"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10663","display_name":"Advanced Battery Technologies Research","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10808","display_name":"Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10805","display_name":"Vehicle Dynamics and Control Systems","score":0.9969000220298767,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2203","display_name":"Automotive Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.7442270517349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.5474194288253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linearization","display_name":"Linearization","score":0.5115726590156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4699452221393585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaptive-control","display_name":"Adaptive control","score":0.4403228461742401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/saturation","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","score":0.4362821578979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering","display_name":"Control engineering","score":0.3305051922798157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.32671433687210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.292036771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.22522053122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.16855230927467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11470457911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.0986783504486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.08353576064109802}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.7442270517349243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.5474194288253784},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11210021","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1520713","display_name":"Linearization","level":3,"score":0.5115726590156555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4699452221393585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107464732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235781","display_name":"Adaptive control","level":3,"score":0.4403228461742401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9930424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7426587","display_name":"Saturation (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4362821578979492},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133731056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288","display_name":"Control engineering","level":1,"score":0.3305051922798157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.32671433687210083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.292036771774292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.22522053122520447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.16855230927467346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11470457911491394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0986783504486084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.08353576064109802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14030580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/3/580/pdf?version=1647351969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82420af3be964a36b82f71c12b895e5c","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/82420af3be964a36b82f71c12b895e5c","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 3, p 580 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/3/580/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14030580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14030580","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14030580","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/3/580/pdf?version=1647351969","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.9100000262260437,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6849662646","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4212035","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G988047263","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"4204098","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322919","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Beijing Municipality","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220934357.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4220934357.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W113836098","https://openalex.org/W1565162025","https://openalex.org/W1590331362","https://openalex.org/W1966740244","https://openalex.org/W2011207084","https://openalex.org/W2016837072","https://openalex.org/W2038436774","https://openalex.org/W2047336131","https://openalex.org/W2067938871","https://openalex.org/W2069094968","https://openalex.org/W2108695617","https://openalex.org/W2112876741","https://openalex.org/W2118746466","https://openalex.org/W2167298848","https://openalex.org/W2222339408","https://openalex.org/W2293671947","https://openalex.org/W2345184888","https://openalex.org/W2531466596","https://openalex.org/W2572141077","https://openalex.org/W2736582972","https://openalex.org/W2740013619","https://openalex.org/W2755280441","https://openalex.org/W2770588592","https://openalex.org/W2788555983","https://openalex.org/W2790291424","https://openalex.org/W2791608585","https://openalex.org/W2792454748","https://openalex.org/W2793547645","https://openalex.org/W2889331735","https://openalex.org/W2905093851","https://openalex.org/W2910866784","https://openalex.org/W2911243363","https://openalex.org/W2914591047","https://openalex.org/W2916932943","https://openalex.org/W2946159262","https://openalex.org/W2968206630","https://openalex.org/W2968626622","https://openalex.org/W2992461805","https://openalex.org/W3014207124","https://openalex.org/W3025665794","https://openalex.org/W3110143542","https://openalex.org/W3153591087","https://openalex.org/W3172424076","https://openalex.org/W3196140542","https://openalex.org/W3213931497","https://openalex.org/W6633728213","https://openalex.org/W6688840266"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2553468687","https://openalex.org/W2969358681","https://openalex.org/W1991810297","https://openalex.org/W2032253950","https://openalex.org/W1819950161","https://openalex.org/W2112559358","https://openalex.org/W2107122120","https://openalex.org/W194970950","https://openalex.org/W2000675896","https://openalex.org/W2342009288"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,29,49],"this":[1,131],"work,":[2],"a":[3,65,71,142,164,210],"novel":[4,66],"anti-saturation":[5],"model-free":[6],"adaptive":[7],"control":[8,128],"(AS-MFAC)":[9],"algorithm":[10,113,151],"is":[11,61,90,152,161],"proposed":[12,171],"for":[13],"the":[14,24,30,51,55,81,84,87,93,98,111,116,125,134,146,149,170,175,180,184,195,199,202,205],"problem":[15,137],"of":[16,32,54,83,97,110,148,166,177,201,207],"pure":[17],"electric":[18],"vehicle\u2019s":[19],"braking":[20,57,99,127],"energy":[21,33,58,105],"recovery":[22,34,59],"with":[23,70],"uncertain":[25],"dynamic":[26],"external":[27,47],"factors.":[28],"process":[31,60],"during":[35],"vehicle":[36,56],"braking,":[37],"actuator":[38,135],"saturation":[39,85,136],"and":[40,95,121,130,158,183,204],"error":[41],"accumulation":[42],"occur":[43],"due":[44],"to":[45],"various":[46],"conditions.":[48],"AS-MFAC,":[50],"non-linear":[52],"dynamics":[53],"firstly":[62],"linearized":[63],"via":[64],"dynamical":[67],"linearization":[68],"technique":[69],"time-varying":[72],"parameter":[73,186],"pseudo":[74],"partial":[75],"derivative":[76],"(PPD).":[77],"Then,":[78],"by":[79,154,163],"proposing":[80],"concept":[82],"parameter,":[86],"AS-MFAC":[88,112,150,172,208],"controller":[89,117,173,181,203],"designed.":[91],"Consequently,":[92,198],"stability":[94,147],"safety":[96],"system":[100,129],"are":[101,114,190],"guaranteed":[102],"while":[103],"ensuring":[104],"recovery.":[106],"The":[107],"major":[108],"advantages":[109],"that":[115],"uses":[118],"only":[119],"input":[120],"output":[122],"data":[123],"from":[124],"regenerative":[126],"approach":[132],"addresses":[133],"as":[138,140],"well":[139],"provides":[141],"feasible":[143],"solution.":[144],"Moreover,":[145],"proven":[153],"rigorous":[155],"mathematical":[156],"theory":[157],"its":[159],"effectiveness":[160],"verified":[162],"series":[165],"experimental":[167],"simulations.":[168],"Remarkably,":[169],"has":[174],"property":[176],"symmetry":[178],"since":[179],"structure":[182],"corresponding":[185],"(time-varying":[187],"PPD)":[188],"estimator":[189],"both":[191],"inferred":[192],"based":[193],"on":[194],"project":[196],"algorithm.":[197],"structures":[200],"parameters":[206],"have":[209],"symmetric":[211],"similarity.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
