{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4213237653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020284","title":"Predication and Photon Statistics of a Three-Level System in the Photon Added Negative Binomial Distribution","display_name":"Predication and Photon Statistics of a Three-Level System in the Photon Added Negative Binomial Distribution","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4213237653","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020284"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14020284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020284","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/2/284/pdf?version=1644802414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/2/284/pdf?version=1644802414","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052343626","display_name":"Tahani A. Aloafi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-824X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tahani A. Aloafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4341-824X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032058656","display_name":"Azhari A. Elhag","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azhari A. Elhag","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054637936","display_name":"Taghreed M. Jawa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-0806"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Taghreed M. Jawa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5023-0806","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034478057","display_name":"Neveen Sayed-Ahmed","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Neveen Sayed-Ahmed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112851902","display_name":"Fatimah S. Bayones","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatimah S. Bayones","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040751322","display_name":"Jamel Bouslimi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0996-9400"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jamel Bouslimi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015681053","display_name":"Mar\u00edn Mar\u00edn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-3763"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3123573182","display_name":"Transylvania University of Bra\u0219ov","ror":"https://ror.org/01cg9ws23","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Marin Marin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1552-3763","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Transilvania University of Brasov, 500036 Brasov, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015681053"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3123573182"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.1389,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51424973,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"2","first_page":"284","last_page":"284"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11177","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Quantum Chemical Studies","score":0.9940999746322632,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/von-neumann-entropy","display_name":"Von Neumann entropy","score":0.7236992120742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photon","display_name":"Photon","score":0.6514602899551392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/negative-binomial-distribution","display_name":"Negative binomial distribution","score":0.6082009673118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probability-distribution","display_name":"Probability distribution","score":0.5878455638885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.5812826752662659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binomial-distribution","display_name":"Binomial distribution","score":0.5337166786193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4539482593536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.4359686076641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/density-matrix","display_name":"Density matrix","score":0.43511563539505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.4228048324584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.38722407817840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.33031678199768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.2747073173522949}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101973423","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6961323","display_name":"Von Neumann entropy","level":4,"score":0.7236992120742798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159317903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3198","display_name":"Photon","level":2,"score":0.6514602899551392},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199335787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q743364","display_name":"Negative binomial distribution","level":3,"score":0.6082009673118591},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149441793","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q200726","display_name":"Probability distribution","level":2,"score":0.5878455638885498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.5812826752662659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41054675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185547","display_name":"Binomial distribution","level":2,"score":0.5337166786193848},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4539482593536377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.4359686076641083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56911000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831774","display_name":"Density matrix","level":3,"score":0.43511563539505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.4228048324584961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.38722407817840576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.33031678199768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.2747073173522949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100906024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205692","display_name":"Poisson distribution","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14020284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020284","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/2/284/pdf?version=1644802414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:683396ed509f462db1406c5b2d1d5cae","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/683396ed509f462db1406c5b2d1d5cae","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 2, p 284 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/2/284/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14020284","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14020284","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14020284","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/2/284/pdf?version=1644802414","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213237653.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4213237653.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1785844102","https://openalex.org/W1964172970","https://openalex.org/W1970517984","https://openalex.org/W1979401618","https://openalex.org/W1980822716","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1986961383","https://openalex.org/W1993122650","https://openalex.org/W2001593059","https://openalex.org/W2009455324","https://openalex.org/W2012969204","https://openalex.org/W2024913349","https://openalex.org/W2027771265","https://openalex.org/W2027989115","https://openalex.org/W2059845463","https://openalex.org/W2068594129","https://openalex.org/W2069812395","https://openalex.org/W2080422910","https://openalex.org/W2082031578","https://openalex.org/W2090976317","https://openalex.org/W2104904148","https://openalex.org/W2143378824","https://openalex.org/W2148371398","https://openalex.org/W2191761510","https://openalex.org/W2242161570","https://openalex.org/W2335463773","https://openalex.org/W2342545017","https://openalex.org/W2410479927","https://openalex.org/W2528266046","https://openalex.org/W2604085423","https://openalex.org/W2735780135","https://openalex.org/W2766596484","https://openalex.org/W2781146511","https://openalex.org/W2801784754","https://openalex.org/W2809722847","https://openalex.org/W2918644153","https://openalex.org/W2947808419","https://openalex.org/W2955205735","https://openalex.org/W2967592093","https://openalex.org/W2974958056","https://openalex.org/W2990419462","https://openalex.org/W3024883497","https://openalex.org/W3037737784","https://openalex.org/W3039887120","https://openalex.org/W3085428699","https://openalex.org/W3099910066","https://openalex.org/W3126785326","https://openalex.org/W3215567411","https://openalex.org/W6789708410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2037403216","https://openalex.org/W1602555103","https://openalex.org/W120285656","https://openalex.org/W2887966696","https://openalex.org/W2052110748","https://openalex.org/W4244236455","https://openalex.org/W62389518","https://openalex.org/W2505382103","https://openalex.org/W2031681254","https://openalex.org/W2802215909"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Statistical":[0],"and":[1,19,66,75,86,105,139,160],"artificial":[2,76],"neural":[3,77,161],"network":[4,78],"models":[5],"are":[6,49,70,95,132],"applied":[7],"to":[8,35,92,103,145],"forecast":[9],"the":[10,37,47,54,60,63,87,93,107,111,120,129,140,146,149,157],"quantum":[11,152],"scheme":[12],"of":[13,40,46,53,59,82,89,110,142,151],"a":[14,23,41],"three-level":[15],"atomic":[16,57],"system":[17],"(3LAS)":[18],"field,":[20],"initially":[21],"following":[22],"photon":[24,38,122],"added":[25,90,143],"negative":[26,114],"binomial":[27,115],"distribution":[28,117],"(PANBD).":[29],"The":[30,51,80,97],"Mandel":[31,55],"parameter":[32],"is":[33,101,126,154],"used":[34,102],"detect":[36],"statistics":[39],"radiation":[42],"field.":[43],"Explicit":[44],"forms":[45],"PANBD":[48],"given.":[50],"prediction":[52,150],"parameter,":[56],"probability":[58,83,116,136],"3LAS":[61],"in":[62],"upper":[64],"state,":[65],"von":[67],"Neumann":[68],"entropy":[69,153],"obtained":[71],"using":[72],"time":[73,108,158],"series":[74,159],"methods.":[79],"influence":[81],"success":[84,137],"photons":[85,91,138,144],"number":[88,141],"NBD":[94],"examined.":[96],"total":[98],"density":[99],"matrix":[100],"compute":[104],"analyze":[106],"evolution":[109],"initial":[112],"photonic":[113],"that":[118,128],"governs":[119],"3LAS\u2013field":[121],"entanglement":[123],"behavior.":[124],"It":[125],"shown":[127],"statistical":[130],"quantities":[131],"strongly":[133],"affected":[134],"by":[135,156],"NBD.":[147],"Also,":[148],"achieved":[155],"network.":[162]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
