{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205147933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164","title":"Efficiency Optimization Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Balance","display_name":"Efficiency Optimization Strategy of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Balance","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205147933","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14010164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/164/pdf?version=1642151633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/164/pdf?version=1642151633","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004228413","display_name":"Wenhui Pei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6934-7534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Wenhui Pei","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5064071876","display_name":"Qi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4794-3965"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154099455","display_name":"Shandong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0207yh398","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154099455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007890922","display_name":"Yongjing Li","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yongjing Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Information Science and Electrical Engineering, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 250357, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5004228413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.3813,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":16,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79663192,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"164","last_page":"164"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10278","display_name":"Electric Motor Design and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10504","display_name":"Sensorless Control of Electric Motors","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10223","display_name":"Microgrid Control and Optimization","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.6706783771514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5508806109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/synchronous-motor","display_name":"Synchronous motor","score":0.5417916774749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.5265729427337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnet","display_name":"Magnet","score":0.5071084499359131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/permanent-magnet-synchronous-motor","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous motor","score":0.4686787724494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-vehicle","display_name":"Electric vehicle","score":0.44501224160194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.42273759841918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/controller","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","score":0.42126885056495667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hamiltonian","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","score":0.4118667542934418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automotive-engineering","display_name":"Automotive engineering","score":0.39081546664237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.38613754510879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2049267590045929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.18556928634643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.14257630705833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.13700038194656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.13670730590820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.12514853477478027}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.6706783771514893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5508806109428406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71376005","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Synchronous motor","level":2,"score":0.5417916774749756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.5265729427337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16389437","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11421","display_name":"Magnet","level":2,"score":0.5071084499359131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986944758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845675","display_name":"Permanent magnet synchronous motor","level":3,"score":0.4686787724494934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776422217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13629441","display_name":"Electric vehicle","level":3,"score":0.44501224160194397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.42273759841918945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203479927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165939","display_name":"Controller (irrigation)","level":2,"score":0.42126885056495667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130787639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5645293","display_name":"Hamiltonian (control theory)","level":2,"score":0.4118667542934418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171146098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124192","display_name":"Automotive engineering","level":1,"score":0.39081546664237976},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.38613754510879517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2049267590045929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.18556928634643555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.14257630705833435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.13700038194656372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.13670730590820312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.12514853477478027},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6557445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113","display_name":"Agronomy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14010164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/164/pdf?version=1642151633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:15c3449320ac457c96850745f2b0a273","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/15c3449320ac457c96850745f2b0a273","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 164 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/1/164/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14010164","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010164","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/164/pdf?version=1642151633","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.8999999761581421}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1496575352","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61803230","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205147933.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205147933.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1630073621","https://openalex.org/W1982028578","https://openalex.org/W1985306860","https://openalex.org/W2037600830","https://openalex.org/W2056538626","https://openalex.org/W2058985433","https://openalex.org/W2062475506","https://openalex.org/W2084409404","https://openalex.org/W2092712285","https://openalex.org/W2104031387","https://openalex.org/W2106457884","https://openalex.org/W2106718784","https://openalex.org/W2107470485","https://openalex.org/W2108100669","https://openalex.org/W2125097216","https://openalex.org/W2129104824","https://openalex.org/W2130469254","https://openalex.org/W2283681557","https://openalex.org/W2365902802","https://openalex.org/W2386130157","https://openalex.org/W2550838053","https://openalex.org/W2576696105","https://openalex.org/W2618149076","https://openalex.org/W2889488908","https://openalex.org/W2975234322","https://openalex.org/W3025160711","https://openalex.org/W3045714839","https://openalex.org/W3091683453","https://openalex.org/W3102306960","https://openalex.org/W7011102391"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2738666728","https://openalex.org/W2370778828","https://openalex.org/W4252156693","https://openalex.org/W2355594986","https://openalex.org/W2144803608","https://openalex.org/W2087042126","https://openalex.org/W4242196303","https://openalex.org/W2615749722","https://openalex.org/W2789964272","https://openalex.org/W4400772239"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"an":[3,15],"efficiency":[4,67,139],"optimization":[5],"controller":[6],"for":[7,59,66],"a":[8,70,161,165],"permanent":[9,27],"magnet":[10,28],"synchronous":[11,29],"motor":[12],"(PMSM)":[13],"of":[14,37,52,88,105,110,124,132,164],"electric":[16],"vehicle.":[17],"A":[18],"new":[19,71,81],"loss":[20,51,72,82],"model":[21,83],"is":[22,47,76,100,135,141],"obtained":[23],"based":[24,78],"on":[25,79],"the":[26,35,38,43,49,53,63,80,86,89,93,97,103,106,111,129,133,138,148,157],"motor\u2019s":[30],"energy":[31,44,64,107],"balance":[32,45],"equation":[33,46],"utilizing":[34],"theory":[36],"port-controlled":[39],"Hamiltonian":[40,112],"system.":[41,113],"Since":[42],"just":[48],"power":[50],"PMSM,":[54],"which":[55],"provides":[56],"great":[57],"convenience":[58],"us":[60],"to":[61,118,143],"use":[62],"method":[65,109],"optimization.":[68],"Then,":[69],"minimization":[73],"algorithm":[74,99],"(LMA)":[75],"designed":[77],"by":[84,102],"adjusting":[85],"ratio":[87],"excitation":[90],"current":[91],"in":[92],"d\u2013q":[94],"axis.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"proposed":[98],"achieved":[101],"principle":[104],"shape":[108],"Simulations":[114],"are":[115],"finally":[116],"presented":[117],"verify":[119],"effectiveness.":[120],"The":[121],"main":[122],"results":[123],"these":[125],"simulations":[126],"indicate":[127],"that":[128],"dynamic":[130],"performance":[131],"drive":[134],"maintained":[136],"and":[137,152],"increase":[140],"up":[142],"about":[144,153],"7%":[145],"compared":[146,155],"with":[147,156],"id=0":[149],"control":[150],"algorithm,":[151],"4.5%":[154],"conventional":[158],"LMA":[159],"at":[160],"steady":[162],"operation":[163],"PMSM.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}