{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4205379862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010163","title":"A Critical Review of Works Pertinent to the Einstein-Bohr Debate and Bell\u2019s Theorem","display_name":"A Critical Review of Works Pertinent to the Einstein-Bohr Debate and Bell\u2019s Theorem","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-01-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4205379862","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010163"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14010163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010163","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/163/pdf?version=1642146247","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/163/pdf?version=1642146247","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035982092","display_name":"K. Hess","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-8735"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157725225","display_name":"University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign","ror":"https://ror.org/047426m28","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157725225"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40036882","display_name":"Institute for Advanced Study","ror":"https://ror.org/00f809463","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40036882"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Karl Hess","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7145-8735","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Advanced Study, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40036882","https://openalex.org/I157725225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5035982092"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157725225","https://openalex.org/I40036882"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.3644,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":22,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92741601,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"14","issue":"1","first_page":"163","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10020","display_name":"Quantum Information and Cryptography","score":0.9902999997138977,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13044","display_name":"Biofield Effects and Biophysics","score":0.9717000126838684,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-entanglement","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","score":0.7849451303482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-hidden-variable-theory","display_name":"Local hidden variable theory","score":0.7456453442573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bell-test-experiments","display_name":"Bell test experiments","score":0.7321319580078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bells-theorem","display_name":"Bell's theorem","score":0.7306194305419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kochen\u2013specker-theorem","display_name":"Kochen\u2013Specker theorem","score":0.6889785528182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hidden-variable-theory","display_name":"Hidden variable theory","score":0.6461006999015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chsh-inequality","display_name":"CHSH inequality","score":0.5977397561073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-physics","display_name":"Theoretical physics","score":0.5682469010353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bell-state","display_name":"Bell state","score":0.5672742128372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bohr-model","display_name":"Bohr model","score":0.5510842204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/einstein","display_name":"Einstein","score":0.5469527244567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epr-paradox","display_name":"EPR paradox","score":0.5396831631660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5176275372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.4666720926761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/observable","display_name":"Observable","score":0.42405301332473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.40755099058151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum","display_name":"Quantum","score":0.4047110080718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.32371240854263306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-physics","display_name":"Mathematical physics","score":0.24157464504241943}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121040770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215675","display_name":"Quantum entanglement","level":3,"score":0.7849451303482056},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36494176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17098572","display_name":"Local hidden variable theory","level":5,"score":0.7456453442573547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11511207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1054240","display_name":"Bell test experiments","level":5,"score":0.7321319580078125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128108043","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q388525","display_name":"Bell's theorem","level":4,"score":0.7306194305419922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193588502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528955","display_name":"Kochen\u2013Specker theorem","level":3,"score":0.6889785528182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137002209","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q898521","display_name":"Hidden variable theory","level":3,"score":0.6461006999015808},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134265032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5011347","display_name":"CHSH inequality","level":5,"score":0.5977397561073303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33332235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18362","display_name":"Theoretical physics","level":1,"score":0.5682469010353088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118704821","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2898260","display_name":"Bell state","level":4,"score":0.5672742128372192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68030841","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172948","display_name":"Bohr model","level":2,"score":0.5510842204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146846114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901448","display_name":"Einstein","level":2,"score":0.5469527244567871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171811987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214975","display_name":"EPR paradox","level":4,"score":0.5396831631660461},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5176275372505188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.4666720926761627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32848918","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q845789","display_name":"Observable","level":2,"score":0.42405301332473755},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.40755099058151245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84114770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344","display_name":"Quantum","level":2,"score":0.4047110080718994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.32371240854263306},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.24157464504241943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14010163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010163","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/163/pdf?version=1642146247","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:b51f15017d9c44c7874bad7285ce587d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/b51f15017d9c44c7874bad7285ce587d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 14, Iss 1, p 163 (2022)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/14/1/163/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym14010163","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym14010163","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym14010163","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/14/1/163/pdf?version=1642146247","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4399999976158142,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205379862.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4205379862.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W580957117","https://openalex.org/W1504730715","https://openalex.org/W1970346502","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1986407511","https://openalex.org/W1988371994","https://openalex.org/W1994712115","https://openalex.org/W2003304059","https://openalex.org/W2014306526","https://openalex.org/W2015875935","https://openalex.org/W2021218714","https://openalex.org/W2026842393","https://openalex.org/W2028815089","https://openalex.org/W2043939188","https://openalex.org/W2059858750","https://openalex.org/W2060199709","https://openalex.org/W2064853335","https://openalex.org/W2092372763","https://openalex.org/W2111400087","https://openalex.org/W2135830616","https://openalex.org/W2158956233","https://openalex.org/W2174298480","https://openalex.org/W2517110436","https://openalex.org/W2566381405","https://openalex.org/W2803815386","https://openalex.org/W2885514042","https://openalex.org/W2964115756","https://openalex.org/W2972437732","https://openalex.org/W2994808222","https://openalex.org/W2995132430","https://openalex.org/W3022937283","https://openalex.org/W3026510583","https://openalex.org/W3030194282","https://openalex.org/W3046180514","https://openalex.org/W3124695330","https://openalex.org/W3182835833","https://openalex.org/W3185655937","https://openalex.org/W4241462706","https://openalex.org/W4253464943","https://openalex.org/W4324284647","https://openalex.org/W6754564349"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379793008","https://openalex.org/W3161181029","https://openalex.org/W4292954592","https://openalex.org/W2517619256","https://openalex.org/W3101783732","https://openalex.org/W4388950673","https://openalex.org/W1513646876","https://openalex.org/W3105864372","https://openalex.org/W1992171007","https://openalex.org/W2023234152"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"review":[1],"is":[2,71,111],"related":[3],"to":[4,9,62,80,95,136,191,198],"the":[5,40,66,82,144,147,175,192,199,209],"Einstein-Bohr":[6],"debate":[7],"and":[8,12,37,45,49,65,117,119,171,214],"Einstein\u2013Podolsky\u2013Rosen\u2019s":[10],"(EPR)":[11],"Bohm\u2019s":[13],"(EPRB)":[14],"Gedanken-experiments":[15],"as":[16,18,155,181],"well":[17],"their":[19,153],"realization":[20],"in":[21],"actual":[22,67,200],"experiments.":[23,69],"I":[24],"examine":[25],"a":[26,59,106,137,169,204],"significant":[27],"number":[28],"of":[29,35,43,84,91,128,146,149,164,194,206,211,217],"papers,":[30],"from":[31],"my":[32],"minority":[33],"point":[34],"view":[36],"conclude":[38],"that":[39,56,110,131,151,160,177],"well-known":[41],"theorems":[42,154],"Bell":[44],"Clauser,":[46],"Horne,":[47],"Shimony":[48],"Holt":[50],"(CHSH)":[51],"deal":[52],"with":[53],"mathematical":[54],"abstractions":[55],"have":[57],"only":[58,120],"tenuous":[60],"relation":[61],"quantum":[63,85,195],"theory":[64,196],"EPRB":[68,201],"It":[70],"also":[72],"shown":[73],"that,":[74],"therefore,":[75],"Bell-CHSH":[76,140,182],"cannot":[77],"be":[78,93,189],"used":[79,94],"assess":[81],"nature":[83],"entanglement,":[86],"nor":[87,197],"can":[88],"physical":[89,115,129],"features":[90],"entanglement":[92],"prove":[96],"Bell-CHSH.":[97],"Their":[98],"proofs":[99],"are,":[100],"among":[101],"other":[102],"factors,":[103],"based":[104],"on":[105],"statistical":[107],"sampling":[108],"argument":[109],"invalid":[112],"for":[113,122,126,134,174,203],"general":[114],"entities":[116],"processes":[118],"applicable":[121],"finite":[123],"\u201cpopulations\u201d;":[124],"not":[125,188],"elements":[127],"reality":[130],"are":[132,178],"linked,":[133],"example,":[135],"time-like":[138],"continuum.":[139],"have,":[141],"furthermore,":[142],"neglected":[143],"subtleties":[145],"theorem":[148],"Vorob\u2019ev":[150,158],"includes":[152],"special":[156],"cases.":[157],"found":[159],"certain":[161],"combinatorial-topological":[162],"cyclicities":[163],"classical":[165],"random":[166],"variables":[167,213],"form":[168],"necessary":[170],"sufficient":[172],"condition":[173],"constraints":[176],"now":[179],"known":[180],"inequalities.":[183],"These":[184],"constraints,":[185],"however,":[186],"must":[187],"linked":[190],"observables":[193],"experiments":[202],"variety":[205],"reasons,":[207],"including":[208],"existence":[210],"continuum-related":[212],"appropriate":[215],"considerations":[216],"symmetry.":[218]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
