{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200396640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122443","title":"A Novel Model for Distributed Denial of Service Attack Analysis and Interactivity","display_name":"A Novel Model for Distributed Denial of Service Attack Analysis and Interactivity","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200396640","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122443"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13122443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122443","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2443/pdf?version=1639752721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2443/pdf?version=1639752721","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032903757","display_name":"Ashraf Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6079-4303"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ashraf Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066723417","display_name":"Yousef AbuHour","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6509-2749"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yousef AbuHour","raw_affiliation_strings":["Jordan Design Development Bureau (JODDB), National Encryption Center, Amman 11180, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Jordan Design Development Bureau (JODDB), National Encryption Center, Amman 11180, Jordan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047952727","display_name":"Firas Alghanim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-537X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158749337","display_name":"Princess Sumaya University for Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01jy46q10","country_code":"JO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}],"countries":["JO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Firas Alghanim","raw_affiliation_strings":["King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"King Hussein School of Computing Sciences, Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman 11941, Jordan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158749337"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5066723417"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7965,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75439585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2443","last_page":"2443"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9887999892234802,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9805999994277954,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.777783989906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7109241485595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epidemic-model","display_name":"Epidemic model","score":0.5763943195343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5578502416610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.45591554045677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/application-layer-ddos-attack","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","score":0.43252986669540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/attack-model","display_name":"Attack model","score":0.42547959089279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.41237786412239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/distributed-computing","display_name":"Distributed computing","score":0.3659968972206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.34002792835235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.08948713541030884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.777783989906311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7109241485595703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1627819","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2572354","display_name":"Epidemic model","level":3,"score":0.5763943195343018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5578502416610718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.45591554045677185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120865594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Application layer DDoS attack","level":4,"score":0.43252986669540405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65856478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3991682","display_name":"Attack model","level":2,"score":0.42547959089279175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.41237786412239075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120314980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180634","display_name":"Distributed computing","level":1,"score":0.3659968972206116},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.34002792835235596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.08948713541030884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13122443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122443","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2443/pdf?version=1639752721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:628dd53c2ed64b2dafdefb14c8174747","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/628dd53c2ed64b2dafdefb14c8174747","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2443 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/12/2443/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122443","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 13; Issue 12; Pages: 2443","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13122443","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122443","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2443/pdf?version=1639752721","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200396640.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200396640.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1971025","https://openalex.org/W162900505","https://openalex.org/W1967659844","https://openalex.org/W1979245447","https://openalex.org/W2018992824","https://openalex.org/W2024494042","https://openalex.org/W2041827507","https://openalex.org/W2112680994","https://openalex.org/W2142048531","https://openalex.org/W2146762449","https://openalex.org/W2154971967","https://openalex.org/W2157157130","https://openalex.org/W2162969618","https://openalex.org/W2857976443","https://openalex.org/W2892492149","https://openalex.org/W2905484844","https://openalex.org/W2981413611","https://openalex.org/W3045112214","https://openalex.org/W3091776190","https://openalex.org/W3136934391","https://openalex.org/W4242416801","https://openalex.org/W6628898694","https://openalex.org/W6657175762"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2360429410","https://openalex.org/W2898696280","https://openalex.org/W2204131204","https://openalex.org/W2383770723","https://openalex.org/W2921433547","https://openalex.org/W2958385475","https://openalex.org/W2783466926","https://openalex.org/W4286539397","https://openalex.org/W2370216173","https://openalex.org/W2754163055"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0,46],"Distributed":[1],"Denial":[2],"of":[3,10,57,62,70,128,139,150,183,190],"Service":[4],"(DDoS)":[5],"attack":[6,122],"is":[7,51,104,110,142,154],"a":[8,14,37,200],"type":[9],"cybercrime":[11],"that":[12,75,112],"renders":[13],"target":[15,119],"service":[16],"unavailable":[17],"by":[18,40],"overwhelming":[19],"it":[20,109],"with":[21,72,187],"traffic":[22],"from":[23],"several":[24],"sources":[25],"(attack":[26],"nodes).":[27],"In":[28,87],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"we":[31],"focus":[32],"on":[33,36,98],"DDoS":[34,197],"attacks":[35],"computer":[38],"network":[39],"spreading":[41],"bots":[42],"throughout":[43,199],"the":[44,55,63,73,76,83,90,99,113,117,137,140,147,168,180,188,192],"network.":[45,201],"mathematical":[47],"differential":[48],"equation":[49],"model":[50,66,141,159],"proposed":[52,158],"to":[53,82,95,121,165,178,195],"represent":[54],"dynamism":[56],"nodes":[58,78,92,120,152],"at":[59],"different":[60,130],"compartments":[61],"model.":[64],"The":[65,157],"considers":[67],"two":[68],"levels":[69],"security,":[71],"assumption":[74],"recovered":[77,91],"do":[79],"not":[80],"return":[81],"same":[84,100],"security":[85,101],"level.":[86],"previous":[88],"models,":[89],"are":[93,132,176],"returned":[94],"be":[96],"suspect":[97],"level,":[102],"which":[103],"an":[105],"unrealistic":[106],"assumption.":[107],"Moreover,":[108],"assumed":[111],"attacker":[114],"can":[115],"use":[116],"infected":[118],"again.":[123],"With":[124],"such":[125],"epidemic-like":[126],"assumptions":[127],"infection,":[129],"cases":[131],"presented":[133],"and":[134,136,171],"discussed,":[135],"stability":[138],"analyzed":[143],"as":[144],"well;":[145],"reversing":[146],"symmetry":[148],"transformation":[149],"attacking":[151],"population":[153],"also":[155],"proven.":[156],"has":[160],"many":[161],"parameters":[162],"in":[163],"order":[164],"precisely":[166],"describe":[167],"infection":[169],"movement":[170],"propagation.":[172],"Numerical":[173],"simulation":[174],"methods":[175],"used":[177],"solve":[179],"developed":[181],"system":[182],"equations":[184],"using":[185],"MATLAB,":[186],"intention":[189],"finding":[191],"best":[193],"counteraction":[194],"control":[196],"spread":[198]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
