{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200046156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122392","title":"Numerical Simulation of the Evacuation Process in a Tunnel during Contraflow Traffic Operations","display_name":"Numerical Simulation of the Evacuation Process in a Tunnel during Contraflow Traffic Operations","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-12-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200046156","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122392"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13122392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122392","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2392/pdf?version=1639983585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2392/pdf?version=1639983585","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057481802","display_name":"Razieh Khaksari Haddad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-0479"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801935073","display_name":"London Bridge Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03asev112","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801935073"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Razieh Khaksari","raw_affiliation_strings":["London Bridge Associates Ltd., Surbiton, London KT6 4TS, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5805-0479","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London Bridge Associates Ltd., Surbiton, London KT6 4TS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801935073"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059800552","display_name":"Zambri Harun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-3314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I885383172","display_name":"National University of Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zambri Harun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8715-3314","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, National University of Malaysia, UKM, Bangi 43600, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049754248","display_name":"Les Fielding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801935073","display_name":"London Bridge Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03asev112","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801935073"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Les Fielding","raw_affiliation_strings":["London Bridge Associates Ltd., Surbiton, London KT6 4TS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London Bridge Associates Ltd., Surbiton, London KT6 4TS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801935073"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020113551","display_name":"John W. Aldridge","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801935073","display_name":"London Bridge Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/03asev112","country_code":"GB","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801935073"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John Aldridge","raw_affiliation_strings":["London Bridge Associates Ltd., Surbiton, London KT6 4TS, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"London Bridge Associates Ltd., Surbiton, London KT6 4TS, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2801935073"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059800552"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I885383172"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.8677,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73895875,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"12","first_page":"2392","last_page":"2392"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11317","display_name":"Fire dynamics and safety research","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10555","display_name":"Fire effects on ecosystems","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visibility","display_name":"Visibility","score":0.7746143341064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-simulation","display_name":"Computer simulation","score":0.6131277680397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survivability","display_name":"Survivability","score":0.5617825984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.5598104000091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/collision","display_name":"Collision","score":0.5047341585159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upstream","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","score":0.4785902500152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3717603087425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.3633335828781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.3539671301841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.3059767484664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2319241166114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","score":0.16737091541290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.11579862236976624}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123403432","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q654068","display_name":"Visibility","level":2,"score":0.7746143341064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.6131277680397034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781133158","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1088669","display_name":"Survivability","level":2,"score":0.5617825984954834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.5598104000091553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121704057","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q352070","display_name":"Collision","level":2,"score":0.5047341585159302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191172861","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7899321","display_name":"Upstream (networking)","level":2,"score":0.4785902500152588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3717603087425232},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.3633335828781128},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3539671301841736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.3059767484664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2319241166114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146978453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668","display_name":"Aerospace engineering","level":1,"score":0.16737091541290283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.11579862236976624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13122392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122392","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2392/pdf?version=1639983585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:2ff48acdcaa244df925728d2a0646ac8","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/2ff48acdcaa244df925728d2a0646ac8","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 12, p 2392 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/12/2392/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122392","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13122392","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13122392","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/12/2392/pdf?version=1639983585","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G594317998","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"GUP-2020-015","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","funder_display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322699","display_name":"Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/00bw8d226"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200046156.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4200046156.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W151101008","https://openalex.org/W1539794965","https://openalex.org/W1873555180","https://openalex.org/W1888172398","https://openalex.org/W1963923826","https://openalex.org/W1964586911","https://openalex.org/W1974872854","https://openalex.org/W1983301247","https://openalex.org/W1983555690","https://openalex.org/W1993020550","https://openalex.org/W1999029396","https://openalex.org/W1999814574","https://openalex.org/W2012772655","https://openalex.org/W2022873406","https://openalex.org/W2042199761","https://openalex.org/W2053673823","https://openalex.org/W2065042410","https://openalex.org/W2076178095","https://openalex.org/W2086067273","https://openalex.org/W2089812257","https://openalex.org/W2092896773","https://openalex.org/W2111571962","https://openalex.org/W2122515656","https://openalex.org/W2132010660","https://openalex.org/W2154857371","https://openalex.org/W2160569267","https://openalex.org/W2167052694","https://openalex.org/W2186042016","https://openalex.org/W2203989807","https://openalex.org/W2327513823","https://openalex.org/W2342935421","https://openalex.org/W2418976729","https://openalex.org/W2490426494","https://openalex.org/W2597926338","https://openalex.org/W2602778791","https://openalex.org/W2733062301","https://openalex.org/W2733177123","https://openalex.org/W2748352310","https://openalex.org/W2794930558","https://openalex.org/W2885954719","https://openalex.org/W2917782360","https://openalex.org/W2947822400","https://openalex.org/W2969749165","https://openalex.org/W3034420309","https://openalex.org/W3108899099","https://openalex.org/W4213325711","https://openalex.org/W4254063155","https://openalex.org/W4254819366","https://openalex.org/W4321847235","https://openalex.org/W6632242349","https://openalex.org/W6676696497","https://openalex.org/W6779329591","https://openalex.org/W6808499214","https://openalex.org/W6849928273"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2387494004","https://openalex.org/W2162492390","https://openalex.org/W2350417149","https://openalex.org/W2036372418","https://openalex.org/W2545190132","https://openalex.org/W2114587117","https://openalex.org/W212597372","https://openalex.org/W2151533375","https://openalex.org/W2105280038","https://openalex.org/W2165219878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,92,138,193],"purpose":[1],"of":[2,46,112,118,125,132,144,172,178,183,204],"this":[3],"numerical":[4],"research":[5],"is":[6,107,226],"to":[7,38,42,83,121,197],"assess":[8],"the":[9,16,44,53,56,71,110,113,123,130,141,145,169,173,181,184,189,202,211,233],"evacuation":[10,40],"process":[11],"in":[12,70,109],"a":[13,26,33,47,68,88,221],"tunnel":[14,69,114,119,148,174],"under":[15],"contraflow":[17],"condition.":[18],"Numerical":[19],"simulations":[20],"utilizing":[21],"FDS+Evac":[22],"codes":[23],"associated":[24],"with":[25],"fire":[27,34,50,74,95,126,190,224],"dynamic":[28],"simulator":[29],"(FDS)":[30],"model":[31],"simulating":[32],"scenario":[35,51,225],"are":[36,62,81,149,214],"used":[37],"simulate":[39],"and":[41,59,78,87,115,135,140,161,186,208,236],"predict":[43],"impact":[45],"100":[48,76,93],"MW":[49,77,94],"on":[52,64,129],"occupants":[54],"inside":[55],"tunnel.":[57],"Traffic":[58],"passenger":[60,89],"conditions":[61],"based":[63],"real":[65],"data":[66],"from":[67,188],"UK.":[72],"Two":[73],"loads,":[75],"5":[79,158],"MW,":[80],"studied":[82],"represent":[84],"an":[85,99],"HGV":[86],"car":[90],"fire.":[91],"source,":[96],"caused":[97],"by":[98],"unexpected":[100],"heavy":[101],"good":[102],"vehicle":[103],"(HGV)":[104],"catching":[105],"fire,":[106],"located":[108],"middle":[111],"at":[116,210],"20%":[117],"length":[120],"study":[122],"effect":[124],"source":[127],"location":[128],"usage":[131],"emergency":[133],"exits":[134],"tenability":[136],"thresholds.":[137],"dimensions":[139],"inclination":[142,171],"angle":[143],"existing":[146],"roadway":[147],"1836":[150],"m":[151,155,159],"(L)":[152],"\u00d7":[153,157],"7.3":[154],"(W)":[156],"(H)":[160],"4%,":[162],"respectively.":[163],"It":[164],"should":[165],"be":[166],"noted":[167],"that":[168,219],"4%":[170],"causes":[175],"asymmetry":[176],"propagation":[177],"smokes":[179],"thus":[180],"visibility":[182,209],"downstream":[185],"upstream":[187],"behave":[191],"differently.":[192],"maximum":[194],"needed":[195],"time":[196],"evacuate":[198],"using":[199],"all":[200,228],"egress,":[201],"amount":[203],"fractional":[205],"effective":[206],"dose":[207],"human\u2019s":[212],"height":[213],"analyzed.":[215],"Simulation":[216],"results":[217],"indicate":[218],"when":[220],"realistic":[222],"worst-case":[223],"modeled,":[227],"evacuees":[229],"can":[230],"survive":[231],"before":[232],"combustion":[234],"gases":[235],"heat":[237],"influence":[238],"their":[239],"survivability.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}