{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201687774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13111985","title":"Process Tomography in General Physical Theories","display_name":"Process Tomography in General Physical Theories","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201687774","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13111985","mag":"3201687774"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13111985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13111985","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/11/1985/pdf?version=1635521839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/11/1985/pdf?version=1635521839","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010035758","display_name":"Giulio Chiribella","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-0656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183974707","display_name":"Perimeter Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/013m0ej23","country_code":"CA","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183974707"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40120149","display_name":"University of Oxford","ror":"https://ror.org/052gg0110","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["CA","GB","HK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Giulio Chiribella","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK","Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China","Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada","QICI Quantum Information and Computation Initiative, Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1339-0656","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 2JD, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40120149"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics, 31 Caroline St N, Waterloo, ON N2L 2Y5, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183974707"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"QICI Quantum Information and Computation Initiative, Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010035758"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183974707","https://openalex.org/I40120149","https://openalex.org/I889458895"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.09022445,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"11","first_page":"1985","last_page":"1985"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11407","display_name":"Innovative Microfluidic and Catalytic Techniques Innovation","score":0.9855999946594238,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10622","display_name":"Quantum Mechanics and Applications","score":0.97079998254776,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/property","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","score":0.5735377669334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.5325640439987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/axiom","display_name":"Axiom","score":0.4742545187473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/characterization","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","score":0.47350671887397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.44488105177879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tomography","display_name":"Tomography","score":0.43971937894821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42129141092300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41959989070892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.2645331025123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.13977491855621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.09358936548233032}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189950617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q937228","display_name":"Property (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.5735377669334412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.5325640439987183},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167729594","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17736","display_name":"Axiom","level":2,"score":0.4742545187473297},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841128","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5073781","display_name":"Characterization (materials science)","level":2,"score":0.47350671887397766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.44488105177879333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841267","display_name":"Tomography","level":2,"score":0.43971937894821167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42129141092300415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41959989070892334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.2645331025123596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.13977491855621338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.09358936548233032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":6,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13111985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13111985","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/11/1985/pdf?version=1635521839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2109.12067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2109.12067","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.12067","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:3201687774","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/pdf/2109.12067.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:a53226d8607b49a79c2e5460c38facdd","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/a53226d8607b49a79c2e5460c38facdd","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 11, p 1985 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/11/1985/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13111985","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.2109.12067","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2109.12067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article-journal"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13111985","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13111985","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/11/1985/pdf?version=1635521839","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2431386479","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SRFS2021-7S02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2771064830","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"17300918","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320904","funder_display_name":"Croucher Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7189648599","display_name":"Quantum sensor networks: optimized design, performance benchmarks, and cryptographic applications.","funder_award_id":"17300918","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","funder_display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8816911644","display_name":"The Quantum Information Structure of Spacetime (QISS)","funder_award_id":"61466","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","funder_display_name":"John Templeton Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G966499346","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"SRFS2021-7S02","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320904","funder_display_name":"Croucher Foundation"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320306193","display_name":"John Templeton Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/035tnyy05"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320312716","display_name":"Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/03zp01h17"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319880","display_name":"Government of Canada","ror":"https://ror.org/010q4q527"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320904","display_name":"Croucher Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/04741mc34"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321592","display_name":"Research Grants Council, University Grants Committee","ror":"https://ror.org/00djwmt25"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320331462","display_name":"Institut P\u00e9rim\u00e8tre de physique th\u00e9orique","ror":"https://ror.org/013m0ej23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201687774.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201687774.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":67,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W7398728","https://openalex.org/W137840909","https://openalex.org/W1472049032","https://openalex.org/W1503979042","https://openalex.org/W1516641390","https://openalex.org/W1521316741","https://openalex.org/W1524853377","https://openalex.org/W1631218784","https://openalex.org/W1647923837","https://openalex.org/W1752647802","https://openalex.org/W1928419836","https://openalex.org/W1959048617","https://openalex.org/W1965928854","https://openalex.org/W1971487905","https://openalex.org/W1974981924","https://openalex.org/W1978553093","https://openalex.org/W1984964553","https://openalex.org/W1985079222","https://openalex.org/W1988974364","https://openalex.org/W1993687768","https://openalex.org/W2009590872","https://openalex.org/W2012648735","https://openalex.org/W2015944777","https://openalex.org/W2017365165","https://openalex.org/W2022372331","https://openalex.org/W2025699799","https://openalex.org/W2025943048","https://openalex.org/W2040870895","https://openalex.org/W2045308005","https://openalex.org/W2046833159","https://openalex.org/W2051669075","https://openalex.org/W2052742455","https://openalex.org/W2069974662","https://openalex.org/W2073846519","https://openalex.org/W2078439793","https://openalex.org/W2078639733","https://openalex.org/W2085208370","https://openalex.org/W2086187371","https://openalex.org/W2088784695","https://openalex.org/W2101573510","https://openalex.org/W2101680004","https://openalex.org/W2113235349","https://openalex.org/W2120926795","https://openalex.org/W2136265395","https://openalex.org/W2145832091","https://openalex.org/W2161316267","https://openalex.org/W2170875671","https://openalex.org/W2227039197","https://openalex.org/W2292191240","https://openalex.org/W2315223786","https://openalex.org/W2466788633","https://openalex.org/W2585620050","https://openalex.org/W2598985404","https://openalex.org/W2624685823","https://openalex.org/W2763162295","https://openalex.org/W2787148027","https://openalex.org/W2788203659","https://openalex.org/W2950625342","https://openalex.org/W2950993906","https://openalex.org/W2963077944","https://openalex.org/W3037759832","https://openalex.org/W3084085477","https://openalex.org/W3105030000","https://openalex.org/W3144331119","https://openalex.org/W4246682128","https://openalex.org/W6639248094","https://openalex.org/W6966956123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1994248721","https://openalex.org/W2228343611","https://openalex.org/W3100456408","https://openalex.org/W3100851206","https://openalex.org/W2984122253","https://openalex.org/W2799920868","https://openalex.org/W2771289758","https://openalex.org/W2752407383","https://openalex.org/W3100828539","https://openalex.org/W189715775","https://openalex.org/W3007862165","https://openalex.org/W2538338953","https://openalex.org/W2917949430","https://openalex.org/W3101803048","https://openalex.org/W3104534030","https://openalex.org/W2465961710","https://openalex.org/W1534972533","https://openalex.org/W2092850756","https://openalex.org/W1812079793","https://openalex.org/W3101029480"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Process":[0],"tomography,":[1],"the":[2,19,24,37,124,142,164,167,177,183,200],"experimental":[3],"characterization":[4],"of":[5,27,49,57,114,126,134,169,179,185,192,202,209,217],"physical":[6,32,203],"processes,":[7],"is":[8,65,195],"a":[9,46,54,131,196,206,214],"central":[10],"task":[11],"in":[12,30,67,99,156],"science":[13],"and":[14,52,108,119,212],"engineering.":[15],"Here,":[16],"we":[17,35],"investigate":[18],"axiomatic":[20],"requirements":[21],"that":[22,39,62,74,92,158,166],"guarantee":[23,198],"in-principle":[25],"feasibility":[26],"process":[28,40],"tomography":[29,41],"general":[31],"theories.":[33],"Specifically,":[34],"explore":[36],"requirement":[38,64,191],"should":[42],"be":[43,84,174],"achievable":[44],"with":[45,53,71,87,141,213],"finite":[47,55,207,215],"number":[48,56,208,216],"auxiliary":[50,210],"systems":[51,211],"input":[58,218],"states.":[59],"We":[60,90],"show":[61,91],"this":[63],"satisfied":[66],"every":[68],"theory":[69],"equipped":[70],"universal":[72,93,127,186],"extensions,":[73,187],"is,":[75],"correlated":[76],"states":[77,140],"from":[78,130,176],"which":[79],"all":[80,137],"other":[81],"correlations":[82,178],"can":[83,173],"generated":[85],"locally":[86,149],"non-zero":[88],"probability.":[89],"extensions":[94,128],"are":[95,148],"guaranteed":[96],"to":[97],"exist":[98],"two":[100],"cases:":[101],"(1)":[102],"theories":[103,110,157],"permitting":[104],"conclusive":[105],"state":[106,168],"teleportation,":[107],"(2)":[109],"satisfying":[111],"three":[112],"properties":[113],"Causality,":[115],"Pure":[116],"Product":[117],"States,":[118],"Purification.":[120],"In":[121],"case":[122],"(2),":[123],"existence":[125,184],"follows":[129],"symmetry":[132],"property":[133,165],"Purification,":[135],"whereby":[136],"pure":[138],"bipartite":[139],"same":[143],"marginal":[144],"on":[145],"one":[146],"system":[147,172],"interconvertible.":[150],"Crucially,":[151],"our":[152],"results":[153],"hold":[154],"even":[155],"do":[159],"not":[160],"satisfy":[161],"Local":[162,193],"Tomography,":[163,194],"any":[170,189],"composite":[171],"identified":[175],"local":[180],"measurements.":[181],"Summarizing,":[182],"without":[188],"additional":[190],"sufficient":[197],"for":[199],"characterizability":[201],"processes":[204],"using":[205],"systems.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
