{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3204941894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847","title":"Numerical Study of Local Scour around a Submarine Pipeline with a Spoiler Using a Symmetry Boundary Condition","display_name":"Numerical Study of Local Scour around a Submarine Pipeline with a Spoiler Using a Symmetry Boundary Condition","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3204941894","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847","mag":"3204941894"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13101847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1847/pdf?version=1633171298","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1847/pdf?version=1633171298","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085088114","display_name":"Chuan Zhou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4081-2623"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152501","display_name":"China Power Engineering Consulting Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t59qd02","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chuan Zhou","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","Guangdong Kenuo Surveying Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Kenuo Surveying Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100391370","display_name":"Jianhua Li","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4286-7465"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152501","display_name":"China Power Engineering Consulting Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t59qd02","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jianhua Li","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","Guangdong Kenuo Surveying Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Kenuo Surveying Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111964102","display_name":"Jun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8475-2934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152501","display_name":"China Power Engineering Consulting Group (China)","ror":"https://ror.org/04t59qd02","country_code":"CN","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","Guangdong Kenuo Surveying Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"China Energy Engineering Group Guangdong Electric Power Design Institute Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Guangdong Kenuo Surveying Engineering Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010206164","display_name":"Guoqiang Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7754-9390"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27357992","display_name":"Dalian University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/023hj5876","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guoqiang Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"State Key Laboratory of Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27357992"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100391370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152501"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.1451,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.78504282,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"1847","last_page":"1847"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10577","display_name":"Hydrology and Sediment Transport Processes","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12022","display_name":"Hydraulic flow and structures","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11254","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis","score":0.9958999752998352,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drag-coefficient","display_name":"Drag coefficient","score":0.6706862449645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine","display_name":"Submarine","score":0.651585042476654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/submarine-pipeline","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","score":0.6140781044960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drag","display_name":"Drag","score":0.6117818355560303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lift","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","score":0.519071638584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lift-coefficient","display_name":"Lift coefficient","score":0.5170122385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.48713967204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4593956172466278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","score":0.45309099555015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-simulation","display_name":"Computer simulation","score":0.4369964897632599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.4349161684513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4142095744609833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.4037548899650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.3520059883594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marine-engineering","display_name":"Marine engineering","score":0.3515734374523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3444264531135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.34411126375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.19415852427482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.14042070508003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.12387123703956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.07899302244186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.07242244482040405}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72117827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778961","display_name":"Drag coefficient","level":3,"score":0.6706862449645996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121327165","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2811","display_name":"Submarine","level":2,"score":0.651585042476654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162284963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17106102","display_name":"Submarine pipeline","level":2,"score":0.6140781044960022},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72921944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206621","display_name":"Drag","level":2,"score":0.6117818355560303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139002025","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3001212","display_name":"Lift (data mining)","level":2,"score":0.519071638584137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150486481","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q760106","display_name":"Lift coefficient","level":4,"score":0.5170122385025024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.48713967204093933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4593956172466278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62354387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q875399","display_name":"Boundary (topology)","level":2,"score":0.45309099555015564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.4369964897632599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4349161684513092},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4142095744609833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.4037548899650574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.3520059883594513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199104240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q118291","display_name":"Marine engineering","level":1,"score":0.3515734374523163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3444264531135559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.34411126375198364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.19415852427482605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.14042070508003235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.12387123703956604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.07899302244186401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.07242244482040405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182748727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178932","display_name":"Reynolds number","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13101847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1847/pdf?version=1633171298","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0d64b1ae5b094e90a486b1ed56d2e65d","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0d64b1ae5b094e90a486b1ed56d2e65d","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 10, p 1847 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/10/1847/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13101847","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101847","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1847/pdf?version=1633171298","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.75}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204941894.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3204941894.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W62848616","https://openalex.org/W346979781","https://openalex.org/W1170033559","https://openalex.org/W1525436696","https://openalex.org/W1974097079","https://openalex.org/W2001447603","https://openalex.org/W2005129109","https://openalex.org/W2010189530","https://openalex.org/W2069788804","https://openalex.org/W2073737773","https://openalex.org/W2094864141","https://openalex.org/W2144771379","https://openalex.org/W2153653578","https://openalex.org/W2269418993","https://openalex.org/W2410664718","https://openalex.org/W2414926932","https://openalex.org/W2892644133","https://openalex.org/W2995568271","https://openalex.org/W3119730875","https://openalex.org/W3168431958","https://openalex.org/W6603940410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W177020584","https://openalex.org/W196974285","https://openalex.org/W2756211003","https://openalex.org/W2346172373","https://openalex.org/W4389443537","https://openalex.org/W4296894183","https://openalex.org/W2064169792","https://openalex.org/W2007456519","https://openalex.org/W2073282075","https://openalex.org/W2385744690"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"two-dimensional":[1],"numerical":[2,36,75,173],"model":[3],"for":[4,98,114,157],"solving":[5],"the":[6,13,24,28,34,41,47,50,54,58,61,66,70,79,84,87,91,94,99,108,115,118,123,131,159,172],"Navier\u2013Stokes":[7],"equations":[8],"was":[9,155],"developed":[10],"to":[11,45,146],"investigate":[12,46],"local":[14,67],"scour":[15,68,149,161],"around":[16,69],"a":[17,21,103,141,147],"submarine":[18,71,164],"pipeline":[19,59,85],"with":[20,90,107,130,166],"spoiler.":[22],"Both":[23],"suspended":[25],"load":[26,30],"and":[27,60,86,127,151],"bed":[29],"were":[31],"considered":[32],"in":[33],"present":[35,42],"model.":[37],"The":[38,73],"focus":[39],"of":[40,49,83,93,122,163],"study":[43],"is":[44,112,138],"effects":[48],"spoiler":[51,62,88,95,110,124,133,143,168],"length":[52,111,144,169],"on":[53,57,171],"hydrodynamic":[55],"forces":[56],"as":[63,65],"well":[64],"pipeline.":[72,116],"corresponding":[74],"results":[76],"show":[77],"that":[78,140],"mean":[80,100,119],"drag":[81],"coefficients":[82],"increase":[89,92],"length.":[96,134],"As":[97],"lift":[101,120],"coefficient,":[102],"general":[104],"decreasing":[105],"trend":[106],"increasing":[109,132],"observed":[113],"However,":[117],"coefficient":[121],"first":[125],"increases":[126],"then":[128],"decreases":[129],"In":[135],"addition,":[136],"it":[137],"found":[139],"larger":[142],"leads":[145],"deeper":[148],"depth,":[150],"an":[152],"empirical":[153],"equation":[154],"proposed":[156],"predicting":[158],"non-dimensional":[160,167],"depth":[162],"pipelines":[165],"based":[170],"results.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}