{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3201914388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101824","title":"A Highly Scalable Method for Extractive Text Summarization Using Convex Optimization","display_name":"A Highly Scalable Method for Extractive Text Summarization Using Convex Optimization","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-30","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3201914388","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101824","mag":"3201914388"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13101824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101824","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1824/pdf?version=1633003793","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1824/pdf?version=1633003793","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051483640","display_name":"Claudiu Marius Popescu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-2752"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Claudiu Popescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Group, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9131-2752","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Group, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072184884","display_name":"L\u0103crimioara Grama","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-5196"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lacrimioara Grama","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Group, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0383-5196","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Group, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036243309","display_name":"Corneliu Rusu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-2734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158333966","display_name":"Technical University of Cluj-Napoca","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8nwp71","country_code":"RO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}],"countries":["RO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corneliu Rusu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing Group, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5209-2734","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing Group, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 26-28 G. Baritiu Street, 400027 Cluj-Napoca, Romania","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5072184884"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158333966"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.9345,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79904913,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"10","first_page":"1824","last_page":"1824"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11550","display_name":"Text and Document Classification Technologies","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automatic-summarization","display_name":"Automatic summarization","score":0.9670125246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7702224850654602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.4919871985912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.4120199382305145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.33328044414520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.28546592593193054}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170858558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1394144","display_name":"Automatic summarization","level":2,"score":0.9670125246047974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7702224850654602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.4919871985912323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.4120199382305145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.33328044414520264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.28546592593193054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13101824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101824","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1824/pdf?version=1633003793","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f2fc2775831044c4b347259e8561c44b","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/f2fc2775831044c4b347259e8561c44b","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 10, p 1824 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/10/1824/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13101824","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13101824","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13101824","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/10/1824/pdf?version=1633003793","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3201914388.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1451881698","https://openalex.org/W1700952868","https://openalex.org/W1836005856","https://openalex.org/W1962684803","https://openalex.org/W2011301426","https://openalex.org/W2012179416","https://openalex.org/W2034046256","https://openalex.org/W2081580037","https://openalex.org/W2087573826","https://openalex.org/W2091172738","https://openalex.org/W2101880260","https://openalex.org/W2119667497","https://openalex.org/W2129131372","https://openalex.org/W2133182690","https://openalex.org/W2135046866","https://openalex.org/W2162704429","https://openalex.org/W2502320255","https://openalex.org/W2574717559","https://openalex.org/W2606974598","https://openalex.org/W2741995392","https://openalex.org/W2888493969","https://openalex.org/W2945576724","https://openalex.org/W2952773745","https://openalex.org/W2962849707","https://openalex.org/W2962965405","https://openalex.org/W2963348916","https://openalex.org/W2964061924","https://openalex.org/W2979329658","https://openalex.org/W2982439297","https://openalex.org/W2986549997","https://openalex.org/W3042767631","https://openalex.org/W3100734333","https://openalex.org/W3101721160","https://openalex.org/W3119489131","https://openalex.org/W4206584443","https://openalex.org/W4250589301","https://openalex.org/W4250954493","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6631501603","https://openalex.org/W6682631176","https://openalex.org/W6683252230","https://openalex.org/W6773842061"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2366403280","https://openalex.org/W1495108544","https://openalex.org/W2091301346","https://openalex.org/W3148229873","https://openalex.org/W4389760904","https://openalex.org/W2351187795","https://openalex.org/W2113265763"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,22,40],"paper":[1],"describes":[2],"a":[3,14,28,72,82],"convex":[4,29,73],"optimization":[5,23],"formulation":[6],"of":[7,31,51,66,94,99,150],"the":[8,52,61,64,69,77,100,103,117,132,141,146,154,159,166,173,184],"extractive":[9],"text":[10,53],"summarization":[11,126],"problem":[12],"and":[13,16,88,97,107,127,176,192],"simple":[15],"scalable":[17],"algorithm":[18,87,118,164],"to":[19,59,172,190],"solve":[20],"it.":[21],"program":[24,78],"is":[25,43,58],"constructed":[26],"as":[27],"relaxation":[30],"an":[32],"intuitive":[33],"but":[34],"computationally":[35],"hard":[36],"integer":[37],"programming":[38],"problem.":[39],"objective":[41],"function":[42],"highly":[44],"symmetric,":[45],"being":[46],"invariant":[47],"under":[48],"unitary":[49],"transformations":[50],"representations.":[54],"Another":[55],"key":[56],"idea":[57],"replace":[60],"constraint":[62],"on":[63,158],"number":[65],"sentences":[67],"in":[68,92],"summary":[70],"with":[71,170,188],"surrogate.":[74],"For":[75,145],"solving":[76],"we":[79,112],"have":[80,113],"designed":[81],"specific":[83],"projected":[84],"gradient":[85],"descent":[86],"analyzed":[89],"its":[90],"performance":[91],"terms":[93],"execution":[95],"time":[96],"quality":[98],"approximation.":[101],"Using":[102],"datasets":[104],"DUC":[105,160],"2005":[106,161],"Cornell":[108,133],"Newsroom":[109,134],"Summarization":[110,135],"Dataset,":[111,136],"shown":[114],"empirically":[115],"that":[116],"can":[119],"provide":[120],"competitive":[121],"results":[122],"for":[123],"single":[124],"document":[125],"multi-document":[128,151],"query-based":[129,152],"summarization.":[130],"On":[131],"it":[137,177],"ranked":[138],"second":[139],"among":[140],"unsupervised":[142],"methods":[143,169],"tested.":[144],"more":[147],"challenging":[148],"task":[149],"summarization,":[153],"method":[155],"was":[156,178],"tested":[157],"Dataset.":[162],"Our":[163],"surpassed":[165],"other":[167],"reported":[168],"respect":[171,189],"ROUGE-SU4":[174],"metric,":[175],"at":[179],"less":[180],"than":[181],"0.01":[182],"from":[183],"top":[185],"performing":[186],"algorithms":[187],"ROUGE-1":[191],"ROUGE-2":[193],"metrics.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
