{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3200760345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091673","title":"Depthwise Separable Relation Network for Small Sample Hyperspectral Image Classification","display_name":"Depthwise Separable Relation Network for Small Sample Hyperspectral Image Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3200760345","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091673","mag":"3200760345"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13091673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1673/pdf?version=1631526558","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1673/pdf?version=1631526558","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100693070","display_name":"Aili Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9118-230X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aili Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9118-230X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5115593050","display_name":"Chengyang Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6952-2134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chengyang Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dong Xue","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Xue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082226990","display_name":"Haibin Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2453-3691"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Haibin Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101604094","display_name":"Yuxiao Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0002-4906-3697"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yuxiao Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5107900257","display_name":"Meihong Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I100188998","display_name":"Harbin University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04e6y1282","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meihong Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Heilongjiang Province Key Laboratory of Laser Spectroscopy Technology and Application, College of Measurement and Control Technology and Communication Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5082226990"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I100188998"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.3703,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83151943,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1673","last_page":"1673"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13890","display_name":"Remote Sensing and Land Use","score":0.9957000017166138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9656999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7153321504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperspectral-imaging","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","score":0.6843929886817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6200632452964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5811241269111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5751373767852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5292467474937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5224294066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/separable-space","display_name":"Separable space","score":0.502860963344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-vector","display_name":"Feature vector","score":0.47812309861183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cosine-similarity","display_name":"Cosine similarity","score":0.42886656522750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sample","display_name":"Sample (material)","score":0.41363605856895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.41332799196243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.3187211751937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.2123556137084961}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7153321504592896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159078339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959005","display_name":"Hyperspectral imaging","level":2,"score":0.6843929886817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6200632452964783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5811241269111633},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5751373767852783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5292467474937439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5224294066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70710897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q680081","display_name":"Separable space","level":2,"score":0.502860963344574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.47812309861183167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780762811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1784941","display_name":"Cosine similarity","level":3,"score":0.42886656522750854},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C198531522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q485146","display_name":"Sample (material)","level":2,"score":0.41363605856895447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.41332799196243286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.3187211751937866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.2123556137084961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43617362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170050","display_name":"Chromatography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13091673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1673/pdf?version=1631526558","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:fbc8137a01f845d0b16d32063945f592","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/fbc8137a01f845d0b16d32063945f592","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1673 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/9/1673/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091673","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 13; Issue 9; Pages: 1673","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13091673","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091673","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1673/pdf?version=1631526558","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3199055464","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NSFC-61671190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G686931448","display_name":"\u5fae\u521b\u624b\u672f\u4e2d\u4f53\u8868\u6295\u5f71\u865a\u62df\u900f\u660e\u89c2\u5bdf\u5185\u8154\u65b9\u6cd5\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61671190","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200760345.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3200760345.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990653740","https://openalex.org/W2008847349","https://openalex.org/W2011950836","https://openalex.org/W2029316659","https://openalex.org/W2074464158","https://openalex.org/W2077792904","https://openalex.org/W2087263574","https://openalex.org/W2097915756","https://openalex.org/W2111282613","https://openalex.org/W2127199143","https://openalex.org/W2136251662","https://openalex.org/W2147590979","https://openalex.org/W2162698522","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2345118402","https://openalex.org/W2785967837","https://openalex.org/W2888119354","https://openalex.org/W2899747753","https://openalex.org/W2909487414","https://openalex.org/W2942454403","https://openalex.org/W2944512710","https://openalex.org/W2945225401","https://openalex.org/W2945989246","https://openalex.org/W2963775347","https://openalex.org/W2964105864","https://openalex.org/W2969585684","https://openalex.org/W2971262044","https://openalex.org/W2983255812","https://openalex.org/W2986799142","https://openalex.org/W2991286101","https://openalex.org/W2998247074","https://openalex.org/W3032163196","https://openalex.org/W3034054712","https://openalex.org/W3064134516","https://openalex.org/W3099428178","https://openalex.org/W3100011500","https://openalex.org/W3106294914","https://openalex.org/W3135226568","https://openalex.org/W3140801455","https://openalex.org/W3176635885"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2389818373","https://openalex.org/W4392445444","https://openalex.org/W4396220545","https://openalex.org/W2220831889","https://openalex.org/W4312683641","https://openalex.org/W3027421045","https://openalex.org/W4405933298","https://openalex.org/W3013312691","https://openalex.org/W2980386803","https://openalex.org/W3215994059"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"hyperspectral":[1,209],"data":[2,15,22,213],"provide":[3],"rich":[4],"feature":[5,99],"information":[6],"and":[7,104,195,217],"are":[8,16,107],"widely":[9,207],"used":[10,208],"in":[11,89,130,161],"other":[12,226],"fields,":[13],"the":[14,37,65,83,94,98,112,118,121,134,138,147,151,154,169,173,176,187,191,197,200,230,238],"still":[17,25],"scarce.":[18],"Training":[19],"small":[20,53],"sample":[21,41],"classification":[23,31,228,235],"is":[24,143,183],"a":[26,74],"major":[27],"challenge":[28],"for":[29,51],"HSI":[30],"based":[32],"on":[33,123,205],"deep":[34],"learning.":[35],"Recently,":[36],"method":[38,50,232],"of":[39,67,101,120,137,150,164,172,199,240],"mining":[40],"relationships":[42],"has":[43],"been":[44],"proved":[45],"to":[46,80,91,111,132,145,167,185],"be":[47,126],"an":[48],"effective":[49],"training":[52,135,170,242],"samples.":[54,86,243],"However,":[55],"this":[56],"strategy":[57,182],"requires":[58],"high":[59],"computational":[60,148],"power,":[61],"which":[62],"will":[63],"increase":[64],"difficulty":[66],"network":[68,79,166],"model":[69,122,188],"training.":[70],"This":[71],"paper":[72],"proposes":[73],"modified":[75],"depthwise":[76,140],"separable":[77,141],"relational":[78],"deeply":[81],"capture":[82],"similarity":[84,95],"between":[85,96,115],"In":[87],"addition,":[88],"order":[90,131],"effectively":[92,127,157],"mine":[93],"samples,":[97],"vectors":[100],"support":[102],"samples":[103,106,124],"query":[105],"symmetrically":[108],"spliced.":[109],"According":[110],"metric":[113],"distance":[114],"symmetrical":[116],"structures,":[117],"dependence":[119],"can":[125],"reduced.":[128],"Firstly,":[129],"improve":[133,168],"efficiency":[136,171],"model,":[139],"convolution":[142],"introduced":[144,184],"reduce":[146],"cost":[149],"model.":[152,174,201],"Secondly,":[153],"Leaky-ReLU":[155],"function":[156],"activates":[158],"all":[159],"neurons":[160],"each":[162],"layer":[163],"neural":[165],"Finally,":[175],"cosine":[177],"annealing":[178],"learning":[179],"rate":[180],"adjustment":[181],"avoid":[186],"falling":[189],"into":[190],"local":[192],"optimal":[193],"solution":[194],"enhance":[196],"robustness":[198],"The":[202],"experimental":[203],"results":[204],"two":[206],"remote":[210],"sensing":[211],"image":[212],"sets":[214],"(Pavia":[215],"University":[216],"Kennedy":[218],"Space":[219],"Center)":[220],"show":[221],"that":[222],"compared":[223],"with":[224],"seven":[225],"advanced":[227],"methods,":[229],"proposed":[231],"achieves":[233],"better":[234],"accuracy":[236],"under":[237],"condition":[239],"limited":[241]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}