{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3198614205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091629","title":"How to Design a Secure Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Multi-Server Environments and Prove Its Security","display_name":"How to Design a Secure Anonymous Authentication and Key Agreement Protocol for Multi-Server Environments and Prove Its Security","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3198614205","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091629","mag":"3198614205"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13091629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1629/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1629/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016972659","display_name":"Yun\u2010Hsin Chuang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-1533"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yun-Hsin Chuang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0432-1533","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075393207","display_name":"Chin\u2010Laung Lei","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-5025"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I16733864","display_name":"National Taiwan University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bqach95","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chin-Laung Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I16733864"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111565025","display_name":"Hung-Jr Shiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169090423","display_name":"Tunghai University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zhvdn11","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169090423"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hung-Jr Shiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 407224, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169090423"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111565025"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169090423"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.8011,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.74790224,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"9","first_page":"1629","last_page":"1629"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11504","display_name":"Advanced Authentication Protocols Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10237","display_name":"Cryptography and Data Security","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7821003198623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.7230591773986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-agreement-protocol","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","score":0.5648271441459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session-key","display_name":"Session key","score":0.5567672252655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.5534864068031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.534821093082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protocol","display_name":"Protocol (science)","score":0.4836922287940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mutual-authentication","display_name":"Mutual authentication","score":0.47591739892959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication-protocol","display_name":"Authentication protocol","score":0.46750104427337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/session","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","score":0.44909319281578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-association","display_name":"Security association","score":0.4212725758552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-proof","display_name":"Mathematical proof","score":0.4132803678512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/symmetric-key-algorithm","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","score":0.4109190106391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-key-cryptography","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","score":0.3687655031681061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing","display_name":"Cloud computing","score":0.3389563262462616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cloud-computing-security","display_name":"Cloud computing security","score":0.2884432375431061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key-distribution","display_name":"Key distribution","score":0.24455463886260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.17200186848640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.13388678431510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/security-information-and-event-management","display_name":"Security information and event management","score":0.12084051966667175}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7821003198623657},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.7230591773986816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C135530808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3306713","display_name":"Key-agreement protocol","level":5,"score":0.5648271441459656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191197275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755775","display_name":"Session key","level":3,"score":0.5567672252655029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.5534864068031311},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.534821093082428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780385302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q367158","display_name":"Protocol (science)","level":3,"score":0.4836922287940979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781221063","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6944186","display_name":"Mutual authentication","level":3,"score":0.47591739892959595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21564112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825885","display_name":"Authentication protocol","level":3,"score":0.46750104427337646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779182362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17126187","display_name":"Session (web analytics)","level":2,"score":0.44909319281578064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C130881749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q586894","display_name":"Security association","level":5,"score":0.4212725758552551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108710211","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11538","display_name":"Mathematical proof","level":2,"score":0.4132803678512573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C65302260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327675","display_name":"Symmetric-key algorithm","level":4,"score":0.4109190106391907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203062551","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201339","display_name":"Public-key cryptography","level":3,"score":0.3687655031681061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79974875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483639","display_name":"Cloud computing","level":2,"score":0.3389563262462616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184842701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370563","display_name":"Cloud computing security","level":3,"score":0.2884432375431061},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160333310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6398153","display_name":"Key distribution","level":4,"score":0.24455463886260986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.17200186848640442},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.13388678431510925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103377522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3493999","display_name":"Security information and event management","level":4,"score":0.12084051966667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13091629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1629/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3f73a3296fdb451baaef2cb26fe54329","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3f73a3296fdb451baaef2cb26fe54329","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 9, p 1629 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/9/1629/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13091629","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13091629","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13091629","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/9/1629/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3198614205.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W216861497","https://openalex.org/W242758580","https://openalex.org/W1498573661","https://openalex.org/W1532961226","https://openalex.org/W1829732909","https://openalex.org/W1965929698","https://openalex.org/W2008306131","https://openalex.org/W2010939995","https://openalex.org/W2018300500","https://openalex.org/W2052267638","https://openalex.org/W2092011536","https://openalex.org/W2105114022","https://openalex.org/W2105727875","https://openalex.org/W2107691219","https://openalex.org/W2113446256","https://openalex.org/W2131789459","https://openalex.org/W2152924492","https://openalex.org/W2159919811","https://openalex.org/W2187093997","https://openalex.org/W2228188441","https://openalex.org/W2301285247","https://openalex.org/W2328319520","https://openalex.org/W2464791400","https://openalex.org/W2514873781","https://openalex.org/W2564131315","https://openalex.org/W2586387094","https://openalex.org/W2618218927","https://openalex.org/W2619268159","https://openalex.org/W2779737695","https://openalex.org/W2792341860","https://openalex.org/W2884262146","https://openalex.org/W2913844835","https://openalex.org/W2917762379","https://openalex.org/W3038331725","https://openalex.org/W3081620139","https://openalex.org/W3086330001","https://openalex.org/W3099386849","https://openalex.org/W6689335708","https://openalex.org/W6726056446","https://openalex.org/W6746829973"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2283566633","https://openalex.org/W2215208418","https://openalex.org/W2366456783","https://openalex.org/W4288439358","https://openalex.org/W2540993346","https://openalex.org/W1986771771","https://openalex.org/W2755584830","https://openalex.org/W2739805944","https://openalex.org/W2899258559","https://openalex.org/W2129958878"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"anonymous":[1,9],"authentication":[2,12],"and":[3,13,51,108,133,152],"key":[4,18],"agreement":[5],"(AAKA)":[6],"protocol":[7,132],"provides":[8],"members":[10],"symmetric":[11,16],"establishes":[14],"a":[15,129],"session":[17],"for":[19,68,145,153],"secure":[20,105,130],"communication":[21],"in":[22,65],"public":[23],"networks.":[24],"Today,":[25],"numerous":[26],"popular":[27],"remote":[28],"services":[29],"are":[30],"based":[31],"on":[32,125],"multi-server":[33,66],"architecture,":[34],"such":[35],"as":[36],"the":[37,96,101,111,137,146],"internet":[38],"of":[39,73,103,148],"things":[40],"(IoT),":[41],"smart":[42],"cities,":[43],"cloud":[44],"services,":[45],"vehicular":[46],"ad":[47],"hoc":[48],"networks":[49],"(VANET),":[50],"telecare":[52],"medicine":[53],"information":[54],"systems":[55],"(TMIS).":[56],"Many":[57],"researchers":[58],"have":[59,75,81],"attempted":[60],"to":[61,94,127,135],"design":[62,98,128,147],"AAKA":[63,92,106,113,131,150],"protocols":[64,93,114],"environments":[67],"various":[69],"applications.":[70],"However,":[71],"many":[72],"these":[74],"security":[76,84,120],"defects,":[77,99],"even":[78],"if":[79],"they":[80],"so-called":[82],"\u201cformal\u201d":[83],"proofs.":[85,121],"In":[86],"this":[87],"paper,":[88],"we":[89],"analyze":[90],"related":[91],"identify":[95],"common":[97],"expound":[100],"process":[102],"designing":[104],"protocols,":[107,151],"explain":[109],"why":[110],"present":[112],"still":[115],"suffer":[116],"attacks,":[117],"despite":[118],"having":[119],"We":[122],"instruct":[123],"readers":[124],"how":[126,134],"prove":[136],"security.":[138,156],"This":[139],"paper":[140],"will":[141],"therefore":[142],"be":[143],"helpful":[144],"new":[149],"ensuring":[154],"their":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}