{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3167400801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061081","title":"AdvAndMal: Adversarial Training for Android Malware Detection and Family Classification","display_name":"AdvAndMal: Adversarial Training for Android Malware Detection and Family Classification","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3167400801","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061081","mag":"3167400801"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1081/pdf?version=1623910234","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1081/pdf?version=1623910234","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003580047","display_name":"Chenyue Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Chenyue Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Software, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054800979","display_name":"Linlin Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-6445-3450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Linlin Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061456453","display_name":"Kai Zhao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0656-1901"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Zhao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015410772","display_name":"Xuhui Ding","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xuhui Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100721480","display_name":"Xusheng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0997-8705"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xusheng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering (School of Cyber Science and Engineering), Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5003580047","https://openalex.org/A5054800979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":1.5317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":23,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82160339,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1081","last_page":"1081"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11689","display_name":"Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning","score":0.9934999942779541,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10743","display_name":"Software Testing and Debugging Techniques","score":0.9793000221252441,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1712","display_name":"Software"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adversarial-system","display_name":"Adversarial system","score":0.8476811647415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7608880996704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/malware","display_name":"Malware","score":0.716188907623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6138567924499512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.5926039814949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5482634902000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android-malware","display_name":"Android malware","score":0.48108193278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/android","display_name":"Android (operating system)","score":0.450663685798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2140122354030609}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37736160","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1801315","display_name":"Adversarial system","level":2,"score":0.8476811647415161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7608880996704102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541664917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14001","display_name":"Malware","level":2,"score":0.716188907623291},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6138567924499512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.5926039814949036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5482634902000427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989133298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android malware","level":3,"score":0.48108193278312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C557433098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q94","display_name":"Android (operating system)","level":2,"score":0.450663685798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2140122354030609},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1081/pdf?version=1623910234","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ff1d2ad2b8664b1295a2dc22418aeb28","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ff1d2ad2b8664b1295a2dc22418aeb28","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 1081 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/6/1081/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061081","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061081","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061081","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1081/pdf?version=1623910234","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6700000166893005,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2684656342","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2020D01C028","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328898","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5930311855","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019D01C062","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328898","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8065341404","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019D01C041","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328898","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G893517531","display_name":"\u79fb\u52a8\u5b66\u4e60\u60c5\u5883\u611f\u77e5\u6a21\u578b\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"61867006","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320328898","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Xinjiang","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3167400801.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":56,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1945616565","https://openalex.org/W2099471712","https://openalex.org/W2105037940","https://openalex.org/W2112796928","https://openalex.org/W2122672392","https://openalex.org/W2180612164","https://openalex.org/W2407313496","https://openalex.org/W2591788621","https://openalex.org/W2598549816","https://openalex.org/W2610321374","https://openalex.org/W2731516742","https://openalex.org/W2744095836","https://openalex.org/W2772683029","https://openalex.org/W2775261393","https://openalex.org/W2776884785","https://openalex.org/W2781346976","https://openalex.org/W2808012362","https://openalex.org/W2825974271","https://openalex.org/W2896341513","https://openalex.org/W2897812226","https://openalex.org/W2898252236","https://openalex.org/W2911919851","https://openalex.org/W2923951475","https://openalex.org/W2943796454","https://openalex.org/W2947973584","https://openalex.org/W2949099979","https://openalex.org/W2958631251","https://openalex.org/W2963073614","https://openalex.org/W2963092440","https://openalex.org/W2963204406","https://openalex.org/W2963341057","https://openalex.org/W2963470893","https://openalex.org/W2964082701","https://openalex.org/W2965405555","https://openalex.org/W2968146306","https://openalex.org/W2981360604","https://openalex.org/W2984968650","https://openalex.org/W2989930814","https://openalex.org/W2991246679","https://openalex.org/W3003422325","https://openalex.org/W3005748482","https://openalex.org/W3035014113","https://openalex.org/W3036847733","https://openalex.org/W3081785824","https://openalex.org/W3083836500","https://openalex.org/W3089994140","https://openalex.org/W3095725246","https://openalex.org/W3104141960","https://openalex.org/W3104555840","https://openalex.org/W3110234838","https://openalex.org/W3132524851","https://openalex.org/W3133938492","https://openalex.org/W6637162671","https://openalex.org/W6678815747","https://openalex.org/W6726983635"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2560361988","https://openalex.org/W2507113366","https://openalex.org/W2591124010","https://openalex.org/W3200508744","https://openalex.org/W3025122950","https://openalex.org/W2311926078","https://openalex.org/W2895504842","https://openalex.org/W4281384336","https://openalex.org/W2717179875","https://openalex.org/W4249118297"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,68],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"Android":[3,99],"malware":[4,100,123,133],"has":[5],"continued":[6],"to":[7,23,57,87,125,176,215,225],"evolve":[8],"against":[9,63],"detection":[10,33,101],"technologies,":[11],"becoming":[12],"more":[13],"concealed":[14],"and":[15,45,91,102,131,169,217],"harmful,":[16],"making":[17],"it":[18,53],"difficult":[19],"for":[20,41,84,184],"existing":[21],"models":[22],"resist":[24],"adversarial":[25,64,85,89,106,116,151,186,233],"sample":[26,107],"attacks.":[27],"At":[28],"the":[29,32,38,43,48,59,93,96,127,132,143,150,155,159,174,178,181,185,194,200,205,208,229,232],"current":[30],"stage,":[31],"result":[34],"is":[35,54,110,136,211,221],"no":[36],"longer":[37],"only":[39],"criterion":[40],"evaluating":[42],"pros":[44],"cons":[46],"of":[47,80,95,112,145,154,180,197,207,231],"model":[49],"with":[50,193],"its":[51,218],"algorithms,":[52],"also":[55],"vital":[56],"take":[58],"model\u2019s":[60],"defensive":[61],"ability":[62],"samples":[65,90,198],"into":[66],"consideration.":[67],"this":[69],"study,":[70],"we":[71,157],"propose":[72,158],"a":[73,81,113,162],"general":[74],"framework":[75,183,210],"named":[76],"AdvAndMal,":[77],"which":[78,120,227],"consists":[79],"two-layer":[82],"network":[83,117],"training":[86,129,152,234],"generate":[88,122],"improve":[92],"effectiveness":[94,230],"classifiers":[97],"in":[98,199],"family":[103],"classification.":[104],"The":[105],"generation":[108],"layer":[109,135],"composed":[111],"conditional":[114],"generative":[115],"called":[118],"pix2pix,":[119],"can":[121],"variants":[124],"extend":[126],"classifiers\u2019":[128],"set,":[130],"classification":[134],"trained":[137],"by":[138],"RGB":[139],"image":[140],"visualized":[141],"from":[142,213,223],"sequence":[144],"system":[146],"calls.":[147],"To":[148],"evaluate":[149],"effect":[153],"framework,":[156],"robustness":[160,179,219],"coefficient,":[161],"symmetric":[163],"interval":[164],"i":[165],"=":[166],"[\u22121,":[167],"1],":[168],"conduct":[170],"controlled":[171],"experiments":[172],"on":[173,190],"dataset":[175,202],"measure":[177],"overall":[182,209],"training.":[187],"Experimental":[188],"results":[189],"12":[191],"families":[192],"largest":[195],"number":[196],"Drebin":[201],"show":[203],"that":[204],"accuracy":[206],"increased":[212,222],"0.976":[214],"0.989,":[216],"coefficient":[220],"0.857":[224],"0.917,":[226],"proves":[228],"method.":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
