{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3166930713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061080","title":"ICLSTM: Encrypted Traffic Service Identification Based on Inception-LSTM Neural Network","display_name":"ICLSTM: Encrypted Traffic Service Identification Based on Inception-LSTM Neural Network","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3166930713","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061080","mag":"3166930713"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1080/pdf?version=1623900947","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1080/pdf?version=1623900947","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074318342","display_name":"Bei Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0351-5814"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bei Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073536083","display_name":"Nurbol Luktarhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4043-6920"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nurbol Luktarhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018268258","display_name":"Chao Ding","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-7863"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Ding","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6008-7863","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100399717","display_name":"Wenhui Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3768-1917"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I96908189","display_name":"Xinjiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/059gw8r13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wenhui Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830000, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073536083"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I96908189"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":5.0724,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":63,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96044557,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1080","last_page":"1080"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9878000020980835,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12034","display_name":"Digital and Cyber Forensics","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.8421328067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.8163988590240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7437546253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.6297223567962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.5526849627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5322945713996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5148202776908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4903564453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.48654642701148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.4798978567123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.4556165337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.42543134093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/service","display_name":"Service (business)","score":0.4216253161430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3801499903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.24246463179588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.2083037793636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.13897159695625305}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.8421328067779541},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.8163988590240479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7437546253204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.6297223567962646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5526849627494812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5322945713996887},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5148202776908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4903564453125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.48654642701148987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.4798978567123413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4556165337562561},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.42543134093284607},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780378061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25351891","display_name":"Service (business)","level":2,"score":0.4216253161430359},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3801499903202057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.24246463179588318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.2083037793636322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.13897159695625305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1080/pdf?version=1623900947","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5718e7717a434849802177fca4dd2928","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5718e7717a434849802177fca4dd2928","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 1080 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/6/1080/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061080","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 13; Issue 6; Pages: 1080","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061080","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061080","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1080/pdf?version=1623900947","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327557","display_name":"National Office for Philosophy and Social Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04m0ms912"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166930713.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3166930713.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":36,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495633614","https://openalex.org/W1964234701","https://openalex.org/W1984514441","https://openalex.org/W2097117768","https://openalex.org/W2343828539","https://openalex.org/W2399941526","https://openalex.org/W2537766808","https://openalex.org/W2606697812","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2743678626","https://openalex.org/W2766474063","https://openalex.org/W2768764839","https://openalex.org/W2810144680","https://openalex.org/W2892460540","https://openalex.org/W2907212742","https://openalex.org/W2908025692","https://openalex.org/W2910385575","https://openalex.org/W2911301616","https://openalex.org/W2962949934","https://openalex.org/W2963065250","https://openalex.org/W2963261650","https://openalex.org/W2963516518","https://openalex.org/W2979687053","https://openalex.org/W2981052417","https://openalex.org/W2983433342","https://openalex.org/W3002972450","https://openalex.org/W3006050125","https://openalex.org/W3007075806","https://openalex.org/W3011253173","https://openalex.org/W3017387519","https://openalex.org/W3026902724","https://openalex.org/W3037818671","https://openalex.org/W3045858585","https://openalex.org/W3046860919","https://openalex.org/W3117125172","https://openalex.org/W6712640429"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2100090372","https://openalex.org/W4361205702","https://openalex.org/W2385965183","https://openalex.org/W4289281780","https://openalex.org/W2013342653","https://openalex.org/W2901818815","https://openalex.org/W4237598585","https://openalex.org/W2359552542","https://openalex.org/W2179036394","https://openalex.org/W2613715541"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,129],"wide":[1],"application":[2],"of":[3,18,42,93,117,142,150,182],"encryption":[4],"technology":[5],"has":[6],"made":[7],"traffic":[8,44,51,60,66,87,159,165,183],"classification":[9,52,144,175],"gradually":[10],"become":[11],"a":[12],"major":[13],"challenge":[14],"in":[15,54,105],"the":[16,40,75,91,106,121,134,140,148,151,169,180],"field":[17],"network":[19,79],"security.":[20],"Traditional":[21],"methods":[22],"such":[23],"as":[24],"machine":[25],"learning,":[26],"which":[27],"rely":[28],"heavily":[29],"on":[30,133],"feature":[31,184],"engineering":[32],"and":[33,72,84,120,127,139,162],"others,":[34],"can":[35],"no":[36],"longer":[37],"fully":[38],"meet":[39],"needs":[41],"encrypted":[43,59,118,158,164],"classification.":[45,88],"Therefore,":[46],"we":[47],"propose":[48],"an":[49],"Inception-LSTM(ICLSTM)":[50],"method":[53,64,130,152,176],"this":[55,172],"paper":[56],"to":[57,80,109],"achieve":[58],"service":[61,160,166],"identification.":[62,167],"This":[63],"converts":[65],"data":[67],"into":[68],"common":[69],"gray":[70],"images,":[71],"then":[73],"uses":[74],"constructed":[76],"ICLSTM":[77],"neural":[78],"extract":[81],"key":[82],"features":[83],"perform":[85],"effective":[86],"To":[89],"alleviate":[90],"problem":[92],"category":[94,103],"imbalance,":[95],"different":[96,115],"weight":[97],"parameters":[98],"are":[99],"set":[100],"for":[101,114,155],"each":[102],"separately":[104],"training":[107],"phase":[108],"make":[110],"it":[111],"more":[112,125],"symmetrical":[113],"categories":[116],"traffic,":[119],"identification":[122,161],"effect":[123],"is":[124,131],"balanced":[126],"reasonable.":[128],"validated":[132],"public":[135],"ISCX":[136],"2016":[137],"dataset,":[138],"results":[141],"five":[143],"experiments":[145],"show":[146],"that":[147],"accuracy":[149],"exceeds":[153],"98%":[154],"both":[156],"regular":[157],"VPN":[163],"At":[168],"same":[170],"time,":[171],"deep":[173],"learning-based":[174],"also":[177],"greatly":[178],"simplifies":[179],"difficulty":[181],"extraction":[185],"work.":[186]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}