{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3168855424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061011","title":"An Intrusion Detection System for the Internet of Things Based on Machine Learning: Review and Challenges","display_name":"An Intrusion Detection System for the Internet of Things Based on Machine Learning: Review and Challenges","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-06-04","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3168855424","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061011","mag":"3168855424"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1011/pdf?version=1622810760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1011/pdf?version=1622810760","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112406591","display_name":"Ahmed Adnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ahmed Adnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060253478","display_name":"Abdullah Muhammed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0088-7073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Abdullah Muhammed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0088-7073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060317464","display_name":"Abdul Ghani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1719-7335"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Abdul Azim Abd Ghani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Software Engineering and Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Software Engineering and Information System, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029122226","display_name":"Azizol Abdullah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8321-9259"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azizol Abdullah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050187073","display_name":"Fahrul Hakim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1377-7519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fahrul Hakim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Networks, Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43300, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060253478","https://openalex.org/A5112406591"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":6.4956,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":66,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9685853,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"1011","last_page":"1011"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12761","display_name":"Data Stream Mining Techniques","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11512","display_name":"Anomaly Detection Techniques and Applications","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8493108749389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.7240459322929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.662592887878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6383638381958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-of-things","display_name":"Internet of Things","score":0.6105772852897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curse-of-dimensionality","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","score":0.5608139038085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5141866207122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5019705295562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5007288455963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.48063865303993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4773723781108856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion","display_name":"Intrusion","score":0.4340948462486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.32031843066215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.23339039087295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2045379877090454}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8493108749389648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.7240459322929382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.662592887878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6383638381958008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81860439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q251212","display_name":"Internet of Things","level":2,"score":0.6105772852897644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111030470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1430460","display_name":"Curse of dimensionality","level":2,"score":0.5608139038085938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5141866207122803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5019705295562744},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5007288455963135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.48063865303993225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4773723781108856},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158251709","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q354025","display_name":"Intrusion","level":2,"score":0.4340948462486267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32031843066215515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.23339039087295532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2045379877090454},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17409809","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161764","display_name":"Geochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1011/pdf?version=1622810760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:psasir.upm.edu.my:95865","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/95865/","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196260","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia Institutional Repository (Universiti Putra Malaysia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","host_organization_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bb5b9adb3f4c44f5a85e40e6bdc46f7f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bb5b9adb3f4c44f5a85e40e6bdc46f7f","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 1011 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/6/1011/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13061011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13061011","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13061011","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/1011/pdf?version=1622810760","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168855424.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3168855424.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W433644524","https://openalex.org/W602340265","https://openalex.org/W1546438029","https://openalex.org/W1975852288","https://openalex.org/W1987799824","https://openalex.org/W1999038366","https://openalex.org/W2008224380","https://openalex.org/W2092335550","https://openalex.org/W2157251235","https://openalex.org/W2165491783","https://openalex.org/W2170936641","https://openalex.org/W2244109919","https://openalex.org/W2480180468","https://openalex.org/W2494781867","https://openalex.org/W2522231769","https://openalex.org/W2558987632","https://openalex.org/W2579916179","https://openalex.org/W2607421052","https://openalex.org/W2625612025","https://openalex.org/W2626428686","https://openalex.org/W2735591448","https://openalex.org/W2752291283","https://openalex.org/W2756063524","https://openalex.org/W2756940441","https://openalex.org/W2762644836","https://openalex.org/W2765609201","https://openalex.org/W2766842691","https://openalex.org/W2772512112","https://openalex.org/W2777477306","https://openalex.org/W2789731619","https://openalex.org/W2795483971","https://openalex.org/W2803615543","https://openalex.org/W2810550035","https://openalex.org/W2886346162","https://openalex.org/W2891221453","https://openalex.org/W2892077825","https://openalex.org/W2899259623","https://openalex.org/W2905012420","https://openalex.org/W2905580465","https://openalex.org/W2906834744","https://openalex.org/W2910612999","https://openalex.org/W2913904164","https://openalex.org/W2923990426","https://openalex.org/W2929049293","https://openalex.org/W2935633365","https://openalex.org/W2940895343","https://openalex.org/W2942078456","https://openalex.org/W2947350890","https://openalex.org/W2950250245","https://openalex.org/W2964156143","https://openalex.org/W2969822227","https://openalex.org/W2980801064","https://openalex.org/W2982084047","https://openalex.org/W3001228262","https://openalex.org/W3005923092","https://openalex.org/W3010049633","https://openalex.org/W3015645146","https://openalex.org/W3042031680","https://openalex.org/W3043465744","https://openalex.org/W3099185017","https://openalex.org/W3127648640","https://openalex.org/W3214373139","https://openalex.org/W4241336979","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6758076444","https://openalex.org/W6769335411"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4296209631","https://openalex.org/W4245926026","https://openalex.org/W4311097251","https://openalex.org/W2586548817","https://openalex.org/W2625093826","https://openalex.org/W4200598720","https://openalex.org/W2921026492","https://openalex.org/W4247463117","https://openalex.org/W2561617217","https://openalex.org/W2133389611"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0,22],"intrusion":[1],"detection":[2],"system":[3],"(IDS)":[4],"is":[5,11,24],"an":[6,62,68,113,159],"active":[7],"research":[8,96],"topic":[9],"and":[10,66,83,91,123,138,147],"regarded":[12],"as":[13],"one":[14],"of":[15,19,31,38,47,52,61,67,73,94,112,133],"the":[16,29,50,57,71,92,153,162],"important":[17],"applications":[18],"machine":[20,53],"learning.":[21,54],"IDS":[23,69,160],"a":[25,45,106],"classifier":[26],"that":[27,130,141],"predicts":[28],"class":[30],"input":[32],"records":[33],"associated":[34],"with":[35],"certain":[36],"types":[37],"attacks.":[39],"In":[40,99,115],"this":[41,102],"article,":[42],"we":[43,104],"present":[44,56],"review":[46],"IDSs":[48],"from":[49],"perspective":[51],"We":[55],"three":[58,117,131],"main":[59,118],"challenges":[60],"IDS,":[63],"in":[64,76,101,144,152,161],"general,":[65],"for":[70,109,158],"Internet":[72],"Things":[74],"(IoT),":[75],"particular,":[77,116],"namely":[78,120],"concept":[79,134],"drift,":[80,135],"high":[81],"dimensionality,":[82],"computational":[84,139],"complexity.":[85],"Studies":[86],"on":[87],"solving":[88],"each":[89],"challenge":[90],"direction":[93],"ongoing":[95],"are":[97,125,142],"addressed.":[98],"addition,":[100],"paper,":[103],"dedicate":[105],"separate":[107],"section":[108],"presenting":[110],"datasets":[111],"IDS.":[114],"datasets,":[119],"KDD99,":[121],"NSL,":[122],"Kyoto,":[124],"presented.":[126],"This":[127],"article":[128],"concludes":[129],"elements":[132],"high-dimensional":[136],"awareness,":[137],"awareness":[140],"symmetric":[143],"their":[145],"effect":[146],"need":[148],"to":[149],"be":[150],"addressed":[151],"neural":[154],"network":[155],"(NN)-based":[156],"model":[157],"IoT.":[163]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":20},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}