{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3165485108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13060921","title":"Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images Using Median Edge Detector and Two\u2019s Complement","display_name":"Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted Images Using Median Edge Detector and Two\u2019s Complement","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3165485108","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13060921","mag":"3165485108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13060921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13060921","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/921/pdf?version=1621584959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/921/pdf?version=1621584959","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043674574","display_name":"Rui Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9721-2103"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rui Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082195875","display_name":"Guohua Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5089-4354"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guohua Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045262050","display_name":"Qiuhua Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0017-9026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qiuhua Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077436281","display_name":"Lifeng Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5655-1026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lifeng Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Network and Infomation Security, Wuhu 240002, China","School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Network and Infomation Security, Wuhu 240002, China","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100776748","display_name":"Zhen Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-8786"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I50760025","display_name":"Hangzhou Dianzi University","ror":"https://ror.org/0576gt767","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zhen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Cyberspace, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014122220","display_name":"Gongxun Miao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-9123-4481"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gongxun Miao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Zhongfu Information Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Zhongfu Information Co., Ltd., Jinan 250101, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077436281","https://openalex.org/A5100776748"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I50760025"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":1.4522,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83933091,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"921","last_page":"921"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10388","display_name":"Advanced Steganography and Watermarking Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11017","display_name":"Chaos-based Image/Signal Encryption","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12357","display_name":"Digital Media Forensic Detection","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.756436288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7332909107208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/complement","display_name":"Complement (music)","score":0.7198756337165833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pixel","display_name":"Pixel","score":0.6864402294158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/upload","display_name":"Upload","score":0.6037317514419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5653116106987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-hiding","display_name":"Information hiding","score":0.5310105681419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","score":0.5152104496955872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4791264235973358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.46500787138938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedding","display_name":"Embedding","score":0.4542631506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09748274087905884}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.756436288356781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7332909107208252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112313634","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886648","display_name":"Complement (music)","level":5,"score":0.7198756337165833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160633673","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355198","display_name":"Pixel","level":2,"score":0.6864402294158936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71901391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7126699","display_name":"Upload","level":2,"score":0.6037317514419556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5653116106987},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3073032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15912075","display_name":"Information hiding","level":3,"score":0.5310105681419373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162307627","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833","display_name":"Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution","level":2,"score":0.5152104496955872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4791264235973358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46500787138938904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.4542631506919861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09748274087905884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188082640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1780899","display_name":"Complementation","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127716648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104053","display_name":"Phenotype","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13060921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13060921","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/921/pdf?version=1621584959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bec78cb7d1ce4d8bb8bf279ab05b8ca5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bec78cb7d1ce4d8bb8bf279ab05b8ca5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 6, p 921 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/6/921/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13060921","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 13; Issue 6; Pages: 921","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13060921","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13060921","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/6/921/pdf?version=1621584959","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure","score":0.44999998807907104}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4489928093","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19F020039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","funder_display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338464","display_name":"Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165485108.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3165485108.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W22271197","https://openalex.org/W645401981","https://openalex.org/W790982447","https://openalex.org/W1998279455","https://openalex.org/W2041560266","https://openalex.org/W2054082132","https://openalex.org/W2065444375","https://openalex.org/W2074253957","https://openalex.org/W2075965608","https://openalex.org/W2078961684","https://openalex.org/W2096933452","https://openalex.org/W2111123597","https://openalex.org/W2135459805","https://openalex.org/W2137288380","https://openalex.org/W2158986121","https://openalex.org/W2159390040","https://openalex.org/W2161515299","https://openalex.org/W2167436768","https://openalex.org/W2170269447","https://openalex.org/W2344320947","https://openalex.org/W2400363826","https://openalex.org/W2546004558","https://openalex.org/W2573518985","https://openalex.org/W2584043662","https://openalex.org/W2725203534","https://openalex.org/W2733867256","https://openalex.org/W2745784664","https://openalex.org/W2754055879","https://openalex.org/W2793696846","https://openalex.org/W2806483402","https://openalex.org/W2810632544","https://openalex.org/W2901055056","https://openalex.org/W2905057027","https://openalex.org/W2911351589","https://openalex.org/W2912379265","https://openalex.org/W2912571226","https://openalex.org/W2912687888","https://openalex.org/W2942416312","https://openalex.org/W2945338307","https://openalex.org/W2969448873","https://openalex.org/W2985045609","https://openalex.org/W6704793885","https://openalex.org/W6752749077","https://openalex.org/W6758019784","https://openalex.org/W6829291558"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2944823289","https://openalex.org/W3190769222","https://openalex.org/W3127228990","https://openalex.org/W2301878849","https://openalex.org/W2054082132","https://openalex.org/W2769668853","https://openalex.org/W3101977789","https://openalex.org/W2321104497","https://openalex.org/W2184946989","https://openalex.org/W32138105"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"With":[0],"the":[1,16,56,68,72,122,126,131,142,149,155,159,170,173,183,190,208,217],"rapid":[2],"development":[3],"of":[4,10,60,125,199],"cloud":[5,44],"storage,":[6],"an":[7,195],"increasing":[8],"number":[9],"users":[11,36],"store":[12],"their":[13],"images":[14,19,38,53,74,95],"in":[15,51,93,154],"cloud.":[17],"These":[18],"contain":[20],"many":[21],"business":[22],"secrets":[23],"or":[24],"personal":[25],"information,":[26],"such":[27],"as":[28,89],"engineering":[29],"design":[30],"drawings":[31],"and":[32,58,71,78,109,129,167,204],"commercial":[33],"contracts.":[34],"Thus,":[35],"encrypt":[37],"before":[39],"they":[40],"are":[41],"uploaded.":[42],"However,":[43],"servers":[45],"have":[46,82],"to":[47,54,120,140],"hide":[48],"secret":[49,69],"data":[50,70,91],"encrypted":[52,62,94],"enable":[55],"retrieval":[57],"verification":[59],"massive":[61],"images.":[63],"To":[64,146,157],"ensure":[65],"that":[66,86,189],"both":[67],"original":[73,127],"can":[75,179,193],"be":[76,180],"extracted":[77],"recovered":[79],"losslessly,":[80],"researchers":[81],"proposed":[83,191],"a":[84,100,162],"method":[85,103,117,192],"is":[87,112,118,138,152,165],"known":[88],"reversible":[90],"hiding":[92],"(RDHEI).":[96],"In":[97],"this":[98],"paper,":[99],"new":[101],"RDHEI":[102],"using":[104],"median":[105],"edge":[106],"detector":[107],"(MED)":[108],"two\u2019s":[110,136,150],"complement":[111,137,151],"proposed.":[113],"The":[114,134,185],"MED":[115],"prediction":[116,132,144],"used":[119,139],"generate":[121],"predicted":[123],"values":[124],"pixels":[128],"calculate":[130],"errors.":[133,145],"adaptive-length":[135],"encode":[141],"most":[143],"reserve":[147],"room,":[148],"labeled":[153],"pixels.":[156],"record":[158],"unlabeled":[160],"pixels,":[161],"label":[163],"map":[164],"generated":[166],"embedded":[168,181],"into":[169],"image.":[171],"After":[172],"image":[174],"has":[175],"been":[176],"encrypted,":[177],"it":[178],"with":[182],"data.":[184],"experimental":[186],"results":[187],"indicate":[188],"reach":[194],"average":[196],"embedding":[197],"rate":[198],"2.58":[200],"bpp,":[201,203],"3.04":[202],"2.94":[205],"bpp":[206],"on":[207],"three":[209],"datasets,":[210],"i.e.,":[211],"UCID,":[212],"BOSSbase,":[213],"BOWS-2,":[214],"which":[215],"outperforms":[216],"previous":[218],"work.":[219]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-03-17T09:09:15.849793","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}