{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3146020937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040557","title":"Triple Modular Redundancy Optimization for Threshold Determination in Intrusion Detection Systems","display_name":"Triple Modular Redundancy Optimization for Threshold Determination in Intrusion Detection Systems","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3146020937","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040557","mag":"3146020937"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13040557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040557","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/557/pdf?version=1617937426","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/557/pdf?version=1617937426","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089328173","display_name":"Ivan Babi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9577-9229"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Babi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Informatics and Computing, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9577-9229","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Informatics and Computing, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063528809","display_name":"Aleksandar Miljkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1509-5041"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandar Miljkovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Informatics and Computing, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Informatics and Computing, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038836923","display_name":"Milan \u010cabarkapa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2094-9649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4068193","display_name":"University of Belgrade","ror":"https://ror.org/02qsmb048","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4068193"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milan \u010cabarkapa","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2094-9649","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4068193"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079698585","display_name":"Vojkan Nikoli\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-7549"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vojkan Nikoli\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department for Informatics and Computing, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9230-7549","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department for Informatics and Computing, University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100666194","display_name":"Aleksandar \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9683-8582"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152518017","display_name":"University of Nis","ror":"https://ror.org/00965bg92","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152518017"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aleksandar \u0110or\u0111evi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Technology Park Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Technology Park Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152518017"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5114028234","display_name":"Milan Ran\u0111elovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I152518017","display_name":"University of Nis","ror":"https://ror.org/00965bg92","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I152518017"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milan Ran\u0111elovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Science Technology Park Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Science Technology Park Ni\u0161, 18000 Ni\u0161, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I152518017"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111443918","display_name":"Dragan Ran\u0111elovi\u0107","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120853","display_name":"Univerzitet Union Nikola Tesla","ror":"https://ror.org/02kgjn162","country_code":"RS","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120853"]}],"countries":["RS"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Dragan Ran\u0111elovi\u0107","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Diplomacy and Security, University Union-Nikola Tesla Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2008-4729","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Diplomacy and Security, University Union-Nikola Tesla Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120853"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5111443918"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120853"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.0821,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":13,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87159846,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"557","last_page":"557"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11241","display_name":"Advanced Malware Detection Techniques","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.752744734287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/denial-of-service-attack","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","score":0.7226547002792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intrusion-detection-system","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","score":0.6878877878189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/redundancy","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","score":0.6828373074531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/triple-modular-redundancy","display_name":"Triple modular redundancy","score":0.5662410259246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.5440309643745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modular-design","display_name":"Modular design","score":0.49051469564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4542558193206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.437531054019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.09532156586647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operating-system","display_name":"Operating system","score":0.07008194923400879}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.752744734287262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38822068","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131406","display_name":"Denial-of-service attack","level":3,"score":0.7226547002792358},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35525427","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q745881","display_name":"Intrusion detection system","level":2,"score":0.6878877878189087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152124472","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1204361","display_name":"Redundancy (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.6828373074531555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196371267","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3998979","display_name":"Triple modular redundancy","level":3,"score":0.5662410259246826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.5440309643745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101468663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1620158","display_name":"Modular design","level":2,"score":0.49051469564437866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4542558193206787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.437531054019928},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.09532156586647034},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.07008194923400879}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13040557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040557","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/557/pdf?version=1617937426","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3666755ca97e4ac2ba225f44fb855de2","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/3666755ca97e4ac2ba225f44fb855de2","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 557 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/4/557/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040557","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13040557","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040557","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/557/pdf?version=1617937426","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","score":0.699999988079071}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3146020937.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3146020937.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":43,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W25695630","https://openalex.org/W164214471","https://openalex.org/W233671965","https://openalex.org/W1515670375","https://openalex.org/W1521850300","https://openalex.org/W1587184606","https://openalex.org/W1996545071","https://openalex.org/W2029449924","https://openalex.org/W2047100703","https://openalex.org/W2068803497","https://openalex.org/W2105557138","https://openalex.org/W2120185818","https://openalex.org/W2126258474","https://openalex.org/W2164256494","https://openalex.org/W2164971790","https://openalex.org/W2345961355","https://openalex.org/W2428710022","https://openalex.org/W2465328328","https://openalex.org/W2539582590","https://openalex.org/W2579093384","https://openalex.org/W2775195841","https://openalex.org/W2783809518","https://openalex.org/W2786099517","https://openalex.org/W2897431629","https://openalex.org/W2904659759","https://openalex.org/W2945719300","https://openalex.org/W2958285686","https://openalex.org/W2961674732","https://openalex.org/W2979323854","https://openalex.org/W2982682021","https://openalex.org/W3000773800","https://openalex.org/W3008535060","https://openalex.org/W3029494242","https://openalex.org/W3032021129","https://openalex.org/W3082110788","https://openalex.org/W3091945716","https://openalex.org/W3097494778","https://openalex.org/W3123592392","https://openalex.org/W4236087354","https://openalex.org/W4248201568","https://openalex.org/W6601038624","https://openalex.org/W6649610171","https://openalex.org/W6675933553"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W58658798","https://openalex.org/W3114375939","https://openalex.org/W2797678940","https://openalex.org/W3008821054","https://openalex.org/W2759696718","https://openalex.org/W2359816675","https://openalex.org/W2491217195","https://openalex.org/W4210531477","https://openalex.org/W2603119174","https://openalex.org/W2545098285"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,35,68,92,98,118,190],"novel":[4],"approach":[5],"for":[6,168,186],"an":[7,40,43],"Intrusion":[8],"Detection":[9],"System":[10],"(IDS)":[11],"based":[12],"on":[13,42,62],"one":[14,157],"kind":[15],"of":[16,78,86,109,122,129,138,152,158,163,182,199],"asymmetric":[17],"optimization":[18],"which":[19,38,125,194,229],"use":[20],"any":[21,110],"three":[22,53,57],"already":[23],"well-known":[24],"IDS":[25,59,123,140,187,219],"algorithms":[26,60,74],"and":[27,45,84,132,145,165,227,235],"Triple":[28],"Modular":[29],"Redundancy":[30],"(TMR)":[31],"algorithm":[32,77,85,215],"together.":[33],"Namely,":[34],"variable":[36],"threshold":[37,99,120],"indicates":[39],"attack":[41],"observed":[44],"protected":[46],"network":[47],"is":[48,101,142],"determined":[49,104],"by":[50,66,70],"using":[51,114],"all":[52],"values":[54],"obtained":[55],"with":[56,204,221],"known":[58,191],"i.e.,":[61],"previously":[63],"recorded":[64],"data":[65,197],"making":[67],"decision":[69],"majority.":[71],"For":[72],"these":[73],"authors":[75,181],"used":[76,189,214],"k-nearest":[79],"neighbors,":[80],"cumulative":[81],"sum":[82],"algorithm,":[83],"exponentially":[87],"weighted":[88],"moving":[89],"average.":[90],"Using":[91],"proposed":[93,184,206,223],"method":[94,111,185,224],"we":[95,116],"can":[96,146],"get":[97,147],"that":[100],"more":[102],"precisely":[103,226],"than":[105,211],"in":[106,175,216],"the":[107,127,136,159,166,169,180,183,205,222],"case":[108],"individual.":[112],"Practically,":[113],"TMR":[115],"obtain":[117],"dynamically":[119],"adjustment":[121],"software,":[124],"reduces":[126],"existence":[128],"false":[130],"alarms":[131,231],"undetected":[133],"attacks,":[134],"so":[135],"efficiency":[137],"such":[139,200],"software":[141,188,220],"notably":[143],"higher":[144],"better":[148,209],"results.":[149],"Today,":[150],"Denial":[151],"Service":[153],"attacks":[154,164],"(DoS)":[155],"are":[156],"most":[160],"present":[161],"type":[162],"reason":[167],"special":[170],"attention":[171],"paid":[172],"to":[173],"them":[174],"this":[176,217],"paper.":[177],"In":[178],"addition,":[179],"CIC-DDoS2019":[192],"dataset,":[193],"contains":[195],"various":[196],"recordings":[198],"attacks.":[201],"Obtained":[202],"results":[203],"solution":[207],"showed":[208],"characteristics":[210],"each":[212],"individual":[213],"solution.":[218],"worked":[225],"timely,":[228],"means":[230],"were":[232],"triggered":[233],"properly":[234],"efficiently.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
