{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3144700418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040547","title":"Kernel Partial Least Square Regression with High Resistance to Multiple Outliers and Bad Leverage Points on Near-Infrared Spectral Data Analysis","display_name":"Kernel Partial Least Square Regression with High Resistance to Multiple Outliers and Bad Leverage Points on Near-Infrared Spectral Data Analysis","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-03-26","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3144700418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040547","mag":"3144700418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13040547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/547/pdf?version=1617937077","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/547/pdf?version=1617937077","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039692663","display_name":"Divo Dharma Silalahi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9514-352X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Divo Dharma Silalahi","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART Research Institute (SMARTRI), PT. SMART TBK, Pekanbaru 28289, Riau, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART Research Institute (SMARTRI), PT. SMART TBK, Pekanbaru 28289, Riau, Indonesia","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000700306","display_name":"Habshah Midi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0552-1636"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Habshah Midi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056073009","display_name":"Jayanthi Arasan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1805-9601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jayanthi Arasan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056605647","display_name":"Mohd Shafie Mustafa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9652-8616"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohd Shafie Mustafa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Mathematical Research, Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062259439","display_name":"Jean\u2010Pierre Caliman","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8849-5420"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jean-Pierre Caliman","raw_affiliation_strings":["SMART Research Institute (SMARTRI), PT. SMART TBK, Pekanbaru 28289, Riau, Indonesia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"SMART Research Institute (SMARTRI), PT. SMART TBK, Pekanbaru 28289, Riau, Indonesia","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000700306"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.9431,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68936098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"547","last_page":"547"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10640","display_name":"Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1602","display_name":"Analytical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11871","display_name":"Advanced Statistical Methods and Models","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2613","display_name":"Statistics and Probability"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10689","display_name":"Remote-Sensing Image Classification","score":0.9801999926567078,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partial-least-squares-regression","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","score":0.5825946927070618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reproducing-kernel-hilbert-space","display_name":"Reproducing kernel Hilbert space","score":0.552527666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leverage","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","score":0.5475954413414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5253649950027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outlier","display_name":"Outlier","score":0.5228914618492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.505350649356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","score":0.46239718794822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kernel-method","display_name":"Kernel method","score":0.45076027512550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-regression","display_name":"Principal component regression","score":0.4388732612133026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.3774716556072235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.34586718678474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3246237635612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.31325194239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.2776898741722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hilbert-space","display_name":"Hilbert space","score":0.18748515844345093}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22354355","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422009","display_name":"Partial least squares regression","level":2,"score":0.5825946927070618},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80884492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3345678","display_name":"Reproducing kernel Hilbert space","level":3,"score":0.552527666091919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153083717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6535263","display_name":"Leverage (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.5475954413414001},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5253649950027466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79337645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779824","display_name":"Outlier","level":2,"score":0.5228914618492126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.505350649356842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74193536","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q574844","display_name":"Kernel (algebra)","level":2,"score":0.46239718794822693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122280245","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620622","display_name":"Kernel method","level":3,"score":0.45076027512550354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74887250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3455892","display_name":"Principal component regression","level":3,"score":0.4388732612133026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.3774716556072235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.34586718678474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3246237635612488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.31325194239616394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2776898741722107},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62799726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190056","display_name":"Hilbert space","level":2,"score":0.18748515844345093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13040547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/547/pdf?version=1617937077","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:d783c89a6c3d411b94ab1d55b55ef663","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/d783c89a6c3d411b94ab1d55b55ef663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 4, p 547 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/4/547/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13040547","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 13; Issue 4; Pages: 547","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13040547","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13040547","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/4/547/pdf?version=1617937077","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3144700418.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3144700418.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":44,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36040755","https://openalex.org/W639767525","https://openalex.org/W1583205675","https://openalex.org/W1585888969","https://openalex.org/W1809551201","https://openalex.org/W1823924931","https://openalex.org/W1970972107","https://openalex.org/W1980262437","https://openalex.org/W1985147596","https://openalex.org/W1986280275","https://openalex.org/W1994649230","https://openalex.org/W2008332864","https://openalex.org/W2015596806","https://openalex.org/W2021917714","https://openalex.org/W2033079433","https://openalex.org/W2040019138","https://openalex.org/W2051674548","https://openalex.org/W2056045026","https://openalex.org/W2065742895","https://openalex.org/W2076061146","https://openalex.org/W2124947316","https://openalex.org/W2129249398","https://openalex.org/W2139269942","https://openalex.org/W2140095548","https://openalex.org/W2146225536","https://openalex.org/W2152701363","https://openalex.org/W2377753499","https://openalex.org/W2490363635","https://openalex.org/W2498631646","https://openalex.org/W2740729364","https://openalex.org/W2783675951","https://openalex.org/W2793337497","https://openalex.org/W2964187711","https://openalex.org/W3003399353","https://openalex.org/W3082260252","https://openalex.org/W3094021078","https://openalex.org/W4229530126","https://openalex.org/W4242917542","https://openalex.org/W4243563432","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6601450353","https://openalex.org/W6634891734","https://openalex.org/W6680508596","https://openalex.org/W6742465442"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2468593193","https://openalex.org/W2981666789","https://openalex.org/W1966115210","https://openalex.org/W2042294628","https://openalex.org/W4396824786","https://openalex.org/W4229916583","https://openalex.org/W2013293448","https://openalex.org/W2770989956","https://openalex.org/W1989457222","https://openalex.org/W2073488032"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Multivariate":[0],"statistical":[1],"analysis":[2],"such":[3,44],"as":[4],"partial":[5,159,169,177],"least":[6,160],"square":[7,161],"regression":[8,173,182],"(PLSR)":[9],"is":[10,29,258],"the":[11,33,48,51,55,59,62,72,83,88,108,119,126,130,133,140,156,167,175,198,211,219,221,229,234,249,254,264],"common":[12],"data":[13,20,45,201],"processing":[14],"technique":[15],"used":[16],"to":[17,31,155,210,260,263],"handle":[18],"high-dimensional":[19,205],"space":[21],"on":[22,118,188,223,233],"near-infrared":[23,250],"(NIR)":[24,251],"spectral":[25,252],"datasets.":[26],"The":[27,185],"PLSR":[28,64,189],"useful":[30],"tackle":[32],"multicollinearity":[34],"and":[35,77,98,122,174,245,267],"heteroscedasticity":[36],"problem":[37,49],"that":[38,208],"can":[39,123],"be":[40,68,148,261],"commonly":[41],"found":[42,259],"in":[43,54,82,104,139],"space.":[46],"With":[47],"of":[50,61,74],"nonlinear":[52,186,230],"structure":[53],"original":[56,199],"input":[57,200],"space,":[58],"use":[60],"classical":[63],"model":[65,141],"might":[66],"not":[67,147],"appropriate.":[69],"In":[70,150],"addition,":[71],"contamination":[73],"multiple":[75],"outliers":[76],"high":[78],"leverage":[79,95,100],"points":[80,96,101],"(HLPs)":[81],"dataset":[84,239],"could":[85],"further":[86],"damage":[87],"model.":[89],"Generally,":[90],"HLPs":[91],"contain":[92],"both":[93],"good":[94,137],"(GLPs)":[97],"bad":[99],"(BLPs);":[102],"therefore,":[103],"this":[105,151],"case,":[106],"removing":[107],"BLPs":[109],"seems":[110],"relevant":[111],"since":[112],"it":[113],"has":[114],"a":[115,136,204],"significant":[116],"impact":[117],"parameter":[120],"estimates":[121],"slow":[124],"down":[125],"convergence":[127],"process.":[128],"On":[129],"other":[131],"hand,":[132],"GLPs":[134],"provide":[135],"efficiency":[138],"calibration":[142],"process;":[143],"thus,":[144],"they":[145],"should":[146],"eliminated.":[149],"study,":[152],"robust":[153,170,178,256,265],"alternatives":[154],"existing":[157],"kernel":[158,168,176,213],"(KPLS)":[162],"regression,":[163],"which":[164],"are":[165,183,226],"called":[166],"GM6-estimator":[171,180],"(KPRGM6)":[172],"modified":[179],"(KPRMGM6)":[181],"introduced.":[184],"solution":[187],"was":[190],"handled":[191],"through":[192],"kernel-based":[193],"learning":[194],"by":[195],"nonlinearly":[196],"projecting":[197],"matrix":[202],"into":[203],"feature":[206],"mapping":[207],"corresponded":[209],"reproducing":[212],"Hilbert":[214],"spaces":[215],"(RKHS).":[216],"To":[217],"increase":[218],"robustness,":[220],"improvements":[222],"GM6":[224],"estimators":[225],"presented":[227],"with":[228],"PLSR.":[231],"Based":[232],"investigation":[235],"using":[236],"several":[237],"artificial":[238],"scenarios":[240],"from":[241,248],"Monte":[242],"Carlo":[243],"simulations":[244],"two":[246],"sets":[247],"dataset,":[253],"proposed":[255],"KPRMGM6":[257],"superior":[262],"KPRGM6":[266],"non-robust":[268],"KPLS.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T05:58:40.876381","created_date":"2021-04-13T00:00:00"}