{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3124119338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13020211","title":"Energy and Spectral Efficiency Balancing Algorithm for Energy Saving in LTE Downlinks","display_name":"Energy and Spectral Efficiency Balancing Algorithm for Energy Saving in LTE Downlinks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3124119338","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13020211","mag":"3124119338"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13020211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13020211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/211/pdf?version=1611830244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/211/pdf?version=1611830244","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mamman Maharazu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-8069"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3130709561","display_name":"Hassan Usman Katsina Polytechnic","ror":"https://ror.org/009v92n69","country_code":"NG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3130709561"]}],"countries":["NG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mamman Maharazu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, Federal College of Education, Katsina P.M.B. 2041, Katsina State, Nigeria"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1082-8069","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, Federal College of Education, Katsina P.M.B. 2041, Katsina State, Nigeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3130709561"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Zurina Mohd Hanapi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8079-1791"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zurina Mohd Hanapi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Network, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8079-1791","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Network, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor D.E., Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Mohamed A. Alrashah","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-3287"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130343225","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64","country_code":"MY","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}],"countries":["MY"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mohamed A. Alrashah","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Communication Technology and Network, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2385-3287","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Communication Technology and Network, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400 UPM, Selangor D.E., Malaysia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130343225"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.3214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51092598,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"2","first_page":"211","last_page":"211"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.6527000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10148","display_name":"Advanced MIMO Systems Optimization","score":0.6527000069618225,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12238","display_name":"Green IT and Sustainability","score":0.09780000150203705,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11392","display_name":"Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks","score":0.06830000132322311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.6791999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.5982999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-efficiency","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/base-station","display_name":"Base station","score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interference","display_name":"Interference (communication)","score":0.5443000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications-link","display_name":"Telecommunications link","score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/idle","display_name":"Idle","score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/user-equipment","display_name":"User equipment","score":0.3790999948978424}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7235999703407288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.6791999936103821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.5982999801635742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137246740","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583970","display_name":"Spectral efficiency","level":3,"score":0.5849999785423279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68649174","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1379116","display_name":"Base station","level":2,"score":0.5623000264167786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32022120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q797225","display_name":"Interference (communication)","level":3,"score":0.5443000197410583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138660444","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5607897","display_name":"Telecommunications link","level":2,"score":0.5238000154495239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4803999960422516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C16320812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1812200","display_name":"Idle","level":2,"score":0.44110000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.4253000020980835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.38440001010894775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781327853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3552547","display_name":"User equipment","level":3,"score":0.3790999948978424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108037233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11375","display_name":"Wireless network","level":3,"score":0.34360000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21822782","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214","display_name":"Antenna (radio)","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153646914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535695","display_name":"Cellular network","level":2,"score":0.3066999912261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780165032","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16869822","display_name":"Energy consumption","level":2,"score":0.2939999997615814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555008776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q267298","display_name":"Battery (electricity)","level":3,"score":0.2935999929904938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77618280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772","display_name":"Scheme (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17652562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1345402","display_name":"LTE Advanced","level":3,"score":0.2883000075817108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.2816999852657318},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.2797999978065491},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C520301825","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380170","display_name":"Energy conservation","level":2,"score":0.2791000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986314615","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36829","display_name":"Pareto optimal","level":3,"score":0.26910001039505005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.26350000500679016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157764524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1383412","display_name":"Throughput","level":3,"score":0.25369998812675476}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13020211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13020211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/211/pdf?version=1611830244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2102.07197","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/2102.07197","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/2102.07197","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:0f144e356ed04be8b7d33871a05b1242","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/0f144e356ed04be8b7d33871a05b1242","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 2, p 211 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/2/211/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13020211","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13020211","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13020211","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/2/211/pdf?version=1611830244","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320322714","display_name":"Universiti Putra Malaysia","ror":"https://ror.org/02e91jd64"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3124119338.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543343939","https://openalex.org/W1943771963","https://openalex.org/W1964144113","https://openalex.org/W1971310742","https://openalex.org/W1984324142","https://openalex.org/W1997188340","https://openalex.org/W2003806850","https://openalex.org/W2017480508","https://openalex.org/W2025601618","https://openalex.org/W2057676177","https://openalex.org/W2088671530","https://openalex.org/W2110983486","https://openalex.org/W2112170521","https://openalex.org/W2122658093","https://openalex.org/W2138388073","https://openalex.org/W2149573722","https://openalex.org/W2163327539","https://openalex.org/W2171082525","https://openalex.org/W2227473546","https://openalex.org/W2278915238","https://openalex.org/W2495235903","https://openalex.org/W2741174712","https://openalex.org/W2746156761","https://openalex.org/W2750862937","https://openalex.org/W2755425302","https://openalex.org/W2877793006","https://openalex.org/W6633115507","https://openalex.org/W6700343933"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,61,118],"wireless":[1],"network":[2,20],"communication":[3],"environments,":[4],"Spectral":[5],"Efficiency":[6,10],"(SE)":[7],"and":[8,31,39,48,72,90,111,139,152,163,188,216,248],"Energy":[9],"(EE)":[11],"are":[12],"among":[13],"the":[14,24,32,54,97,129,142,150,160,164,168,179,234,242],"major":[15],"indicators":[16],"used":[17],"for":[18,27,76],"evaluating":[19],"performance.":[21],"However,":[22],"given":[23],"high":[25,186,217],"demand":[26],"data":[28],"rate":[29],"services":[30],"exponential":[33],"growth":[34],"of":[35,53,132,155,170,199],"energy":[36,78,140,165,250],"consumption,":[37,141],"SE":[38,71,89],"EE":[40,73,91],"continue":[41],"to":[42,86,158,174,178,240],"elicit":[43],"increasing":[44,136],"attention":[45],"in":[46,79,182,206,211],"academia":[47],"industries.":[49],"Consequently,":[50],"a":[51,106,133,156,195],"study":[52,67],"trade-off":[55,74],"between":[56],"these":[57],"metrics":[58],"is":[59,103,116,237],"imperative.":[60],"contrast":[62,119],"with":[63,120],"existing":[64],"works,":[65],"this":[66],"proposes":[68],"an":[69,171,200],"efficient":[70],"algorithm":[75,144],"saving":[77],"downlink":[80],"Long":[81],"Term":[82],"Evolution":[83],"(LTE)":[84],"networks":[85],"concurrently":[87],"optimize":[88],"while":[92],"considering":[93,128],"battery":[94,125,146],"life":[95,126,147],"at":[96],"Base":[98],"Station":[99],"(BS).":[100],"The":[101,220],"scheme":[102,222,236],"formulated":[104],"as":[105],"Multi-objective":[107],"Optimization":[108],"Problem":[109],"(MOP)":[110],"its":[112],"Pareto":[113],"optimal":[114],"solution":[115],"examined.":[117],"other":[121],"algorithms":[122],"that":[123,233],"prolong":[124],"by":[127,148,203],"idle":[130],"state":[131],"BS,":[134],"thereby":[135],"average":[137,161,243],"delay":[138,162],"proposed":[143,221,235],"prolongs":[145],"adjusting":[149],"initial":[151],"final":[153],"states":[154],"BS":[157],"minimize":[159,249],"consumption.":[166,251],"Similarly,":[167],"use":[169],"omni-directional":[172,201],"antenna":[173,197,202],"spread":[175],"radio":[176],"signals":[177,205],"user":[180],"equipment":[181],"all":[183],"directions":[184],"causes":[185],"interference":[187,215],"low":[189,214],"spatial":[190,218],"reuse.":[191,219],"We":[192],"propose":[193],"using":[194],"directional":[196],"instead":[198],"transmitting":[204],"one":[207],"direction":[208],"which":[209],"results":[210,231],"no":[212],"or":[213],"has":[223],"been":[224],"extensively":[225],"evaluated":[226],"through":[227],"simulation,":[228],"where":[229],"simulation":[230],"prove":[232],"efficiently":[238],"able":[239],"decrease":[241],"response":[244],"delay,":[245],"improve":[246],"SE,":[247]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2021-02-01T00:00:00"}
