{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3118624085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010094","title":"Two-Dimensional Numerical Model for Stability Analysis of Tunnel Face Based on Particle Flow Code","display_name":"Two-Dimensional Numerical Model for Stability Analysis of Tunnel Face Based on Particle Flow Code","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-01-07","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3118624085","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010094","mag":"3118624085"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13010094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/1/94/pdf?version=1610013745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/1/94/pdf?version=1610013745","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102446388","display_name":"Tingwei Xie","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I21193070","display_name":"Beijing Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01yj56c84","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Tingwei Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080156226","display_name":"Kaihang Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-6376"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaihang Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5623-6376","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Underground Polis Academy, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102446388"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I21193070"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.1704,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.44824219,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"1","first_page":"94","last_page":"94"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11046","display_name":"Geotechnical Engineering and Analysis","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2213","display_name":"Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10535","display_name":"Landslides and related hazards","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2308","display_name":"Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12293","display_name":"Dam Engineering and Safety","score":0.9990000128746033,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/instability","display_name":"Instability","score":0.5676099061965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5573879480361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-simulation","display_name":"Computer simulation","score":0.5302222371101379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.5263173580169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.48194003105163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.43460750579833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","score":0.43199414014816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.43122372031211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.4146157503128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","score":0.41179031133651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.3724949359893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.35980451107025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.31138965487480164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.2797122597694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2405065894126892}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207821765","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q405372","display_name":"Instability","level":2,"score":0.5676099061965942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5573879480361938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C500300565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q925667","display_name":"Computer simulation","level":2,"score":0.5302222371101379},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.5263173580169678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.48194003105163574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43460750579833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778517922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7140482","display_name":"Particle (ecology)","level":2,"score":0.43199414014816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.43122372031211853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.4146157503128052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187320778","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130","display_name":"Geotechnical engineering","level":1,"score":0.41179031133651733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.3724949359893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.35980451107025146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.31138965487480164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.2797122597694397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2405065894126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111368507","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518","display_name":"Oceanography","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13010094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/1/94/pdf?version=1610013745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:06f825882d184fbfbdf20436788af414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/06f825882d184fbfbdf20436788af414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 13, Iss 1, p 94 (2021)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/13/1/94/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13010094","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry; Volume 13; Issue 1; Pages: 94","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym13010094","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym13010094","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/13/1/94/pdf?version=1610013745","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2575194292","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51908371","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3118624085.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966090582","https://openalex.org/W1990526436","https://openalex.org/W2013455934","https://openalex.org/W2018682241","https://openalex.org/W2028272638","https://openalex.org/W2035873369","https://openalex.org/W2107235399","https://openalex.org/W2183941046","https://openalex.org/W2780338508","https://openalex.org/W2888018540","https://openalex.org/W2951019149","https://openalex.org/W2970468189","https://openalex.org/W3035901080","https://openalex.org/W3091694655","https://openalex.org/W6686388851","https://openalex.org/W6784195031"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2022300913","https://openalex.org/W1570780624","https://openalex.org/W14400985","https://openalex.org/W2322569264","https://openalex.org/W2093673119","https://openalex.org/W2257349530","https://openalex.org/W2077461433","https://openalex.org/W2083493576","https://openalex.org/W1657992821","https://openalex.org/W2382390925"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0],"this":[1,147],"paper,":[2],"numerical":[3],"simulations":[4],"of":[5,8,28,37,50,57,76,89,129,137,157,160],"face":[6,31,79,99,163],"stability":[7,121],"shallow":[9],"tunnels":[10],"are":[11,80,140],"carried":[12],"out":[13],"by":[14],"using":[15],"the":[16,23,29,35,38,43,51,54,61,64,77,87,90,93,97,107,111,114,119,126,130,154],"particle":[17,131],"discrete":[18],"element":[19],"codes":[20],"PFC2D":[21],"from":[22,146],"microscopic":[24],"view.":[25],"Progressive":[26],"instability":[27],"tunnel":[30,44,52,62,78,91,98,162],"is":[32],"achieved":[33],"through":[34],"withdrawal":[36,88],"baffle":[39],"used":[40],"to":[41],"simulate":[42],"face.":[45],"Under":[46],"different":[47],"retreating":[48],"displacement":[49],"face,":[53,63,92],"evolution":[55],"laws":[56],"support":[58,94,152,158],"pressure":[59,95,159],"on":[60,96,125],"ground":[65,67],"deformation,":[66],"surface":[68],"settlement":[69],"and":[70,118],"contact":[71,132],"force":[72,133],"chain":[73],"in":[74,164],"front":[75],"studied.":[81],"The":[82,142],"results":[83,128,144],"show":[84],"that":[85],"with":[86],"can":[100],"be":[101],"divided":[102],"into":[103],"four":[104],"stages,":[105],"namely,":[106],"rapid":[108],"decline":[109],"stage,":[110,113,117],"minimum":[112],"slow":[115],"rising":[116],"horizontal":[120],"stage.":[122],"Moreover,":[123],"based":[124],"simulation":[127],"chain,":[134],"discriminated":[135],"methods":[136],"failure":[138],"zones":[139],"proposed.":[141],"research":[143],"obtained":[145],"paper":[148],"will":[149],"provide":[150],"theoretical":[151],"for":[153],"reasonable":[155],"value":[156],"a":[161],"practical":[165],"engineering.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2021-01-18T00:00:00"}