{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3117125172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122117","title":"Multi-Level P2P Traffic Classification Using Heuristic and Statistical-Based Techniques: A Hybrid Approach","display_name":"Multi-Level P2P Traffic Classification Using Heuristic and Statistical-Based Techniques: A Hybrid Approach","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-12-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3117125172","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122117","mag":"3117125172"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12122117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122117","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/2117/pdf?version=1608527565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/2117/pdf?version=1608527565","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054090248","display_name":"Max Bhatia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7665-1753"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Bhatia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144001, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047312965","display_name":"Vikrant Sharma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-8657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikrant Sharma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144001, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100640929","display_name":"Parminder Singh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0750-6309"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I110360157","display_name":"Lovely Professional University","ror":"https://ror.org/00et6q107","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Parminder Singh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144001, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science Engineering, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144001, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045359397","display_name":"Mehedi Masud","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6019-7245"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I179331831","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mehedi Masud","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, College of Computers and Information Technology, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I179331831"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045359397","https://openalex.org/A5100640929"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I110360157","https://openalex.org/I179331831"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":3.3985,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":54,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93913245,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"2117","last_page":"2117"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-classification","display_name":"Traffic classification","score":0.8930244445800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8242067098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.6110168695449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.5555251836776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.5069928169250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/encryption","display_name":"Encryption","score":0.49354469776153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/payload","display_name":"Payload (computing)","score":0.48420122265815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-analysis","display_name":"Traffic analysis","score":0.4682280719280243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.4533100724220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-shaping","display_name":"Traffic shaping","score":0.4478130638599396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/traffic-generation-model","display_name":"Traffic generation model","score":0.4344156086444855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-packet-inspection","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","score":0.42559146881103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.40245819091796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.37137526273727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.2995520234107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-traffic-control","display_name":"Network traffic control","score":0.20744654536247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-packet","display_name":"Network packet","score":0.18160027265548706}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.8930244445800781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8242067098617554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.6110168695449829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.5555251836776733},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.5069928169250488},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148730421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141090","display_name":"Encryption","level":2,"score":0.49354469776153564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134066672","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1424639","display_name":"Payload (computing)","level":3,"score":0.48420122265815735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.4682280719280243},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.4533100724220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46451311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q262550","display_name":"Traffic shaping","level":4,"score":0.4478130638599396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176715033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2080768","display_name":"Traffic generation model","level":2,"score":0.4344156086444855},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204679922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q734252","display_name":"Deep packet inspection","level":3,"score":0.42559146881103516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.40245819091796875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.37137526273727417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.2995520234107971},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201100257","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q393287","display_name":"Network traffic control","level":3,"score":0.20744654536247253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158379750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214111","display_name":"Network packet","level":2,"score":0.18160027265548706}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12122117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122117","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/2117/pdf?version=1608527565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30baa32bb9504b97b53fcc8410309b08","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30baa32bb9504b97b53fcc8410309b08","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S112646816","display_name":"SHILAP Revista de lepidopterolog\u00eda","issn_l":"0300-5267","issn":["0300-5267","2340-4078"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 12, p 2117 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/12/2117/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12122117","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12122117","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12122117","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/2117/pdf?version=1608527565","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7299194679","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8669394481","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"TURSP-2020/10","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","funder_display_name":"Taif University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323722","display_name":"Taif University","ror":"https://ror.org/014g1a453"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117125172.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3117125172.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1495633614","https://openalex.org/W1501706198","https://openalex.org/W1521553548","https://openalex.org/W1642187034","https://openalex.org/W1858955534","https://openalex.org/W1952228868","https://openalex.org/W1966142530","https://openalex.org/W1978241251","https://openalex.org/W1979896568","https://openalex.org/W1991918612","https://openalex.org/W1994106808","https://openalex.org/W1996819165","https://openalex.org/W1999880153","https://openalex.org/W2012426554","https://openalex.org/W2021729619","https://openalex.org/W2023856848","https://openalex.org/W2028132121","https://openalex.org/W2028435007","https://openalex.org/W2050342942","https://openalex.org/W2053877792","https://openalex.org/W2063804286","https://openalex.org/W2068128885","https://openalex.org/W2076463225","https://openalex.org/W2090631730","https://openalex.org/W2096118443","https://openalex.org/W2098172838","https://openalex.org/W2130696417","https://openalex.org/W2131127312","https://openalex.org/W2144098589","https://openalex.org/W2156215532","https://openalex.org/W2158750042","https://openalex.org/W2161840551","https://openalex.org/W2165696000","https://openalex.org/W2171634548","https://openalex.org/W2432537755","https://openalex.org/W2524139390","https://openalex.org/W2529496964","https://openalex.org/W2547629888","https://openalex.org/W2552682588","https://openalex.org/W2587627203","https://openalex.org/W2606315433","https://openalex.org/W2613715541","https://openalex.org/W2749129452","https://openalex.org/W2765498144","https://openalex.org/W2765673486","https://openalex.org/W2767073061","https://openalex.org/W2792186710","https://openalex.org/W2798975158","https://openalex.org/W2924962435","https://openalex.org/W2940330609","https://openalex.org/W2941301068","https://openalex.org/W2964001215","https://openalex.org/W2978478687","https://openalex.org/W2981759233","https://openalex.org/W3150719513","https://openalex.org/W4236506014","https://openalex.org/W4238034291","https://openalex.org/W6638823479","https://openalex.org/W6648591501","https://openalex.org/W6679807869","https://openalex.org/W6682935300"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W266939152","https://openalex.org/W1976515580","https://openalex.org/W2127561666","https://openalex.org/W2964663688","https://openalex.org/W3171671300","https://openalex.org/W3163756987","https://openalex.org/W2949949254","https://openalex.org/W2141958076","https://openalex.org/W3174245262","https://openalex.org/W4226172882"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Peer-to-peer":[0],"(P2P)":[1],"applications":[2,78,83],"have":[3,62,136],"been":[4,137],"popular":[5],"among":[6],"users":[7],"for":[8,50,164],"more":[9],"than":[10],"a":[11,15,46,88,104],"decade.":[12],"They":[13],"consume":[14],"lot":[16],"of":[17,48,119,129,155],"network":[18,25],"bandwidth,":[19],"due":[20],"to":[21,44,96,139],"the":[22,117,127,160,191],"fact":[23],"that":[24],"administrators":[26],"face":[27],"several":[28],"issues":[29],"such":[30],"as":[31,70,148],"congestion,":[32],"security,":[33],"managing":[34],"resources,":[35],"etc.":[36],"Hence,":[37],"its":[38],"accurate":[39],"classification":[40,54,90,108],"will":[41],"allow":[42],"them":[43],"maintain":[45],"Quality":[47],"Service":[49],"various":[51,130],"applications.":[52],"Conventional":[53],"techniques,":[55],"i.e.,":[56],"port-based":[57],"and":[58,81,122,182,185],"payload-based":[59],"techniques":[60],"alone,":[61],"proved":[63],"ineffective":[64],"in":[65,112],"accurately":[66],"classifying":[67],"P2P":[68,77,98,106,131,141,149,165,171],"traffic":[69,99,107,144,156,172,192],"they":[71],"possess":[72],"significant":[73],"limitations.":[74],"As":[75],"new":[76],"keep":[79],"emerging":[80],"existing":[82],"change":[84],"their":[85],"communication":[86],"patterns,":[87],"single":[89],"approach":[91],"may":[92],"not":[93,187],"be":[94],"sufficient":[95],"classify":[97,140],"with":[100,159,173,179],"high":[101,174],"accuracy.":[102],"Therefore,":[103],"multi-level":[105],"technique":[109,169],"is":[110,186,193],"proposed":[111,138,168],"this":[113],"paper,":[114],"which":[115,145],"utilizes":[116],"benefits":[118],"both":[120,180],"heuristic":[121,134],"statistical-based":[123],"techniques.":[124],"By":[125],"analyzing":[126],"behavior":[128],"applications,":[132],"some":[133],"rules":[135],"traffic.":[142],"The":[143,167],"remains":[146],"unclassified":[147],"undergoes":[150],"further":[151],"analysis,":[152],"where":[153],"statistical-features":[154],"are":[157],"used":[158],"C4.5":[161],"decision":[162],"tree":[163],"classification.":[166],"classifies":[170],"accuracy":[175],"(i.e.,":[176],"98.30%),":[177],"works":[178],"TCP":[181],"UDP":[183],"traffic,":[184],"affected":[188],"even":[189],"if":[190],"encrypted.":[194]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
