{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3107844881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962","title":"A Hybrid MCDM Model to Evaluate and Classify Outsourcing Providers in Manufacturing","display_name":"A Hybrid MCDM Model to Evaluate and Classify Outsourcing Providers in Manufacturing","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3107844881","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962","mag":"3107844881"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12121962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/1962/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/1962/pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055184327","display_name":"Ching-Fang Liaw","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5552-1327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126145234","display_name":"Chaoyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwksx09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ching-Fang Liaw","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050081615","display_name":"Wan-Chi Jackie Hsu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118292597","display_name":"National Taipei University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00cn92c09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I882009436","display_name":"Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03d4d3711","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I882009436"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wan-Chi Jackie Hsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan","Graduate Institute of Cultural and Educational Management, Central Taiwan University of Sciences and Technology, 666, Buzih R., Beitun District, Taichung 40601, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Management, National Taipei University of Technology, 1, Sec. 3, Zhongxiao E. Rd., Taipei 10608, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118292597"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Cultural and Educational Management, Central Taiwan University of Sciences and Technology, 666, Buzih R., Beitun District, Taichung 40601, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I882009436"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055818033","display_name":"Huai-Wei Lo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126145234","display_name":"Chaoyang University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04xwksx09","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Huai-Wei Lo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8281-8740","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, Chaoyang University of Technology, 168, Jifeng E. Rd., Wufeng District, Taichung 413310, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055818033"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126145234"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":2.7883,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91041792,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"12","first_page":"1962","last_page":"1962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10050","display_name":"Multi-Criteria Decision Making","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10539","display_name":"Sustainable Supply Chain Management","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1408","display_name":"Strategy and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11912","display_name":"Outsourcing and Supply Chain Management","score":0.9624999761581421,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1404","display_name":"Management Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/14","display_name":"Business, Management and Accounting"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outsourcing","display_name":"Outsourcing","score":0.9285631775856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/topsis","display_name":"TOPSIS","score":0.897551417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiple-criteria-decision-analysis","display_name":"Multiple-criteria decision analysis","score":0.6882515549659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5637387037277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/product","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","score":0.43958476185798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4277951717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.41645291447639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process-management","display_name":"Process management","score":0.3909226357936859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","score":0.36065196990966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.3584076762199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.35668909549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/marketing","display_name":"Marketing","score":0.19486480951309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.16049256920814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.12002229690551758}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46934059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61515","display_name":"Outsourcing","level":2,"score":0.9285631775856018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51566761","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1235853","display_name":"TOPSIS","level":2,"score":0.897551417350769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11105738","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1895805","display_name":"Multiple-criteria decision analysis","level":2,"score":0.6882515549659729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5637387037277222},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90673727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901718","display_name":"Product (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43958476185798645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4277951717376709},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.41645291447639465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195094911","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14167904","display_name":"Process management","level":1,"score":0.3909226357936859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112930515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547","display_name":"Risk analysis (engineering)","level":1,"score":0.36065196990966797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.3584076762199402},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.35668909549713135},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162853370","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39809","display_name":"Marketing","level":1,"score":0.19486480951309204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.16049256920814514},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.12002229690551758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12121962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/1962/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ea01898a387b406c847b35e7895a60f4","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/ea01898a387b406c847b35e7895a60f4","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 12, p 1962 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/12/1962/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12121962","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12121962","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/12/1962/pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3107844881.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1978354626","https://openalex.org/W1983312650","https://openalex.org/W1998319658","https://openalex.org/W2023271602","https://openalex.org/W2036014629","https://openalex.org/W2045538242","https://openalex.org/W2111538767","https://openalex.org/W2560304016","https://openalex.org/W2776735783","https://openalex.org/W2801113626","https://openalex.org/W2888057274","https://openalex.org/W2910415234","https://openalex.org/W2922124569","https://openalex.org/W2922183826","https://openalex.org/W2965806721","https://openalex.org/W2974192765","https://openalex.org/W2977069116","https://openalex.org/W2995256084","https://openalex.org/W2996315702","https://openalex.org/W2998658110","https://openalex.org/W2999419678","https://openalex.org/W2999863726","https://openalex.org/W3002018045","https://openalex.org/W3010955820","https://openalex.org/W3014563530","https://openalex.org/W3016331146","https://openalex.org/W3022181744","https://openalex.org/W3026790205","https://openalex.org/W3039496789","https://openalex.org/W3082878304","https://openalex.org/W3101853410"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2358200898","https://openalex.org/W2325765407","https://openalex.org/W618293728","https://openalex.org/W2291845669","https://openalex.org/W2788012436","https://openalex.org/W200604156","https://openalex.org/W3154161952","https://openalex.org/W2963319272","https://openalex.org/W2778781604","https://openalex.org/W4235219488"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"It":[0],"is":[1,63,81,97,109,133],"a":[2,45,59,89,118,160,177],"common":[3],"practice":[4],"for":[5,53,122],"enterprises":[6],"to":[7,11,24,65,83,111,128,135,164,167,192,197],"use":[8],"outsourcing":[9,56,95,141,172,189],"strategies":[10],"reduce":[12],"operating":[13],"costs":[14],"and":[15,30,72,76,99,143,158,201],"improve":[16],"product":[17],"competitiveness.":[18],"Outsourcing":[19],"providers":[20,96,142,173,190],"or":[21],"operators":[22],"need":[23],"be":[25],"aware":[26],"of":[27,37,47,61,92,139,155,171,188,203],"environmental":[28,39],"protection":[29],"make":[31],"products":[32],"comply":[33],"with":[34],"the":[35,73,100,104,113,137,153,169,186,199],"restrictions":[36],"international":[38],"regulations.":[40],"Therefore,":[41],"this":[42,204],"study":[43],"proposes":[44],"set":[46],"multiple":[48],"criteria":[49,101],"decision-making":[50,74],"(MCDM)":[51],"approaches":[52],"systematic":[54],"green":[55,140],"evaluation.":[57],"First,":[58],"team":[60],"experts":[62],"established":[64],"discuss":[66],"mutually":[67],"dependent":[68],"relationships":[69],"among":[70],"criteria,":[71],"trial":[75],"evaluation":[77],"laboratory":[78],"(DEMATEL)":[79],"technique":[80,121],"applied":[82],"generate":[84],"subjective":[85],"influential":[86,115],"weights.":[87,116],"Then,":[88],"large":[90],"amount":[91],"data":[93],"from":[94],"collected,":[98],"importance":[102],"through":[103],"intercriteria":[105],"correlation":[106],"(CRITIC)":[107],"method":[108],"used":[110],"obtain":[112],"objective":[114],"Finally,":[117],"novel":[119],"classifiable":[120,150],"ordering":[123],"preference":[124],"based":[125],"on":[126],"similarity":[127],"ideal":[129],"solutions":[130],"(classifiable":[131],"TOPSIS)":[132],"proposed":[134,205],"integrate":[136],"performance":[138,170,187],"classify":[144],"them":[145],"into":[146],"four":[147],"levels.":[148],"The":[149],"TOPSIS":[151,157],"improves":[152],"shortcomings":[154],"conventional":[156],"establishes":[159],"visual":[161],"rating":[162],"diagram":[163],"help":[165],"decision-makers":[166],"distinguish":[168],"more":[174],"clearly.":[175],"Taking":[176],"Taiwanese":[178],"multinational":[179],"machine":[180],"tool":[181],"manufacturer":[182],"as":[183],"an":[184],"example,":[185],"related":[191],"manufacturing":[193],"activities":[194],"was":[195],"investigated":[196],"demonstrate":[198],"effectiveness":[200],"applicability":[202],"model.":[206]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-05-22T06:13:13.366637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}