{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3101379287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910","title":"Spin Symmetry Breaking: Superparamagnetic and Spin Glass-Like Behavior Observed in Rod-Like Liquid Crystalline Organic Compounds Contacting Nitroxide Radical Spins","display_name":"Spin Symmetry Breaking: Superparamagnetic and Spin Glass-Like Behavior Observed in Rod-Like Liquid Crystalline Organic Compounds Contacting Nitroxide Radical Spins","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3101379287","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910","mag":"3101379287"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12111910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1910/pdf?version=1605870744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1910/pdf?version=1605870744","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101722455","display_name":"Shuichi Sato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3887-0899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92722194","display_name":"Osaka Dental University","ror":"https://ror.org/053kccs63","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92722194"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shuichi Sato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Physics, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Physics, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka 573-1121, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92722194"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034128142","display_name":"Yoshiaki Uchida","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9239"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yoshiaki Uchida","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5043-9239","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071128267","display_name":"Rui Tamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4123-6795"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I22299242","display_name":"Kyoto University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kpeqv85","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rui Tamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5034128142","https://openalex.org/A5071128267","https://openalex.org/A5101722455"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I22299242","https://openalex.org/I92722194","https://openalex.org/I98285908"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.4035,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.52283291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"1910","last_page":"1910"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10306","display_name":"Liquid Crystal Research Advancements","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2504","display_name":"Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12510","display_name":"Magneto-Optical Properties and Applications","score":0.9876999855041504,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11315","display_name":"Phase-change materials and chalcogenides","score":0.9807999730110168,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/condensed-matter-physics","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","score":0.6711837649345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.520341157913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spins","display_name":"Spins","score":0.5051353573799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spin","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","score":0.49770620465278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nitroxide-mediated-radical-polymerization","display_name":"Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization","score":0.44471877813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/liquid-crystal","display_name":"Liquid crystal","score":0.4398479163646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/isotropy","display_name":"Isotropy","score":0.4264976978302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/superparamagnetism","display_name":"Superparamagnetism","score":0.42060959339141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetization","display_name":"Magnetization","score":0.3915690779685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemical-physics","display_name":"Chemical physics","score":0.38830697536468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.3186691999435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/magnetic-field","display_name":"Magnetic field","score":0.2625189423561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.18194904923439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/thermodynamics","display_name":"Thermodynamics","score":0.1776534914970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.08373674750328064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26873012","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214781","display_name":"Condensed matter physics","level":1,"score":0.6711837649345398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.520341157913208},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778870898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7577658","display_name":"Spins","level":2,"score":0.5051353573799133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42704618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910917","display_name":"Spin (aerodynamics)","level":2,"score":0.49770620465278625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169912494","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1994007","display_name":"Nitroxide mediated radical polymerization","level":5,"score":0.44471877813339233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13274807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q203989","display_name":"Liquid crystal","level":2,"score":0.4398479163646698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184050105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273163","display_name":"Isotropy","level":2,"score":0.4264976978302002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23792430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1122780","display_name":"Superparamagnetism","level":4,"score":0.42060959339141846},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32546565","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856711","display_name":"Magnetization","level":3,"score":0.3915690779685974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159467904","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2001702","display_name":"Chemical physics","level":1,"score":0.38830697536468506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.3186691999435425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115260700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11408","display_name":"Magnetic field","level":2,"score":0.2625189423561096},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.18194904923439026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.1776534914970398},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.08373674750328064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15920480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421281","display_name":"Copolymer","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111998727","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2620998","display_name":"Radical polymerization","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521977710","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q81163","display_name":"Polymer","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12111910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1910/pdf?version=1605870744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cdf27a10c9e84a158f7818402b3f3219","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/cdf27a10c9e84a158f7818402b3f3219","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 11, p 1910 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/11/1910/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12111910","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111910","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1910/pdf?version=1605870744","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15","score":0.5199999809265137}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4658491779","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"26248024","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3101379287.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3101379287.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":59,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W654916487","https://openalex.org/W1566536395","https://openalex.org/W1571314508","https://openalex.org/W1580087561","https://openalex.org/W1659869836","https://openalex.org/W1678544033","https://openalex.org/W1963551001","https://openalex.org/W1979213048","https://openalex.org/W1984326790","https://openalex.org/W1986158561","https://openalex.org/W1991126279","https://openalex.org/W1996696079","https://openalex.org/W2003056759","https://openalex.org/W2005571291","https://openalex.org/W2008599478","https://openalex.org/W2010008422","https://openalex.org/W2018259456","https://openalex.org/W2020532119","https://openalex.org/W2026369036","https://openalex.org/W2028258625","https://openalex.org/W2034425821","https://openalex.org/W2045566062","https://openalex.org/W2050916022","https://openalex.org/W2050947469","https://openalex.org/W2053390412","https://openalex.org/W2056624696","https://openalex.org/W2060047235","https://openalex.org/W2061636176","https://openalex.org/W2069109301","https://openalex.org/W2081812672","https://openalex.org/W2088818800","https://openalex.org/W2091090785","https://openalex.org/W2101777101","https://openalex.org/W2106300200","https://openalex.org/W2122317693","https://openalex.org/W2133231029","https://openalex.org/W2146084604","https://openalex.org/W2151279843","https://openalex.org/W2298421496","https://openalex.org/W2313187100","https://openalex.org/W2313768456","https://openalex.org/W2314793677","https://openalex.org/W2486738468","https://openalex.org/W2487325748","https://openalex.org/W2492979475","https://openalex.org/W2501904892","https://openalex.org/W2586603059","https://openalex.org/W2616911679","https://openalex.org/W2855399029","https://openalex.org/W2899381110","https://openalex.org/W2918046122","https://openalex.org/W3039426777","https://openalex.org/W3103050776","https://openalex.org/W4235425095","https://openalex.org/W4236318857","https://openalex.org/W4245672533","https://openalex.org/W4251674183","https://openalex.org/W4317508764","https://openalex.org/W4388299828"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2057163993","https://openalex.org/W1996921666","https://openalex.org/W1979313898","https://openalex.org/W2074891600","https://openalex.org/W2041736757","https://openalex.org/W2069570482","https://openalex.org/W2080612831","https://openalex.org/W2018581211","https://openalex.org/W2040324216","https://openalex.org/W4226524568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Liquid":[0],"crystalline":[1],"(LC)":[2],"organic":[3],"radicals":[4,39,113],"were":[5],"expected":[6],"to":[7,14,21,73,108,190],"show":[8],"a":[9,31,57,69,84,98,115,155],"novel":[10],"non-linear":[11],"magnetic":[12,16,70,91,141,187],"response":[13],"external":[15],"and":[17,35,78,80,86,130,146,169,198],"electric":[18],"fields":[19],"due":[20],"their":[22],"coherent":[23],"collective":[24],"molecular":[25,166,193],"motion.":[26],"We":[27],"have":[28],"found":[29],"that":[30],"series":[32],"of":[33,110,123,134,143,150,154,165,178,180,183],"chiral":[34],"achiral":[36],"all-organic":[37],"LC":[38,112,197],"having":[40],"one":[41,109],"or":[42],"two":[43],"five-membered":[44],"cyclic":[45],"nitroxide":[46],"radical":[47],"(PROXYL)":[48],"units":[49],"in":[50,89,195],"the":[51,95,111,124,139,148,151,175,181,191,196],"core":[52],"position":[53],"and,":[54],"thereby,":[55],"with":[56,106,138],"negative":[58],"dielectric":[59],"anisotropy":[60],"exhibit":[61],"spin":[62],"glass":[63],"(SG)-like":[64],"superparamagnetic":[65],"features,":[66],"such":[67],"as":[68,74,204],"hysteresis":[71],"(referred":[72],"\u2018positive":[75],"magneto-LC":[76,126],"effect\u2019),":[77],"thermal":[79],"impurity":[81],"effects":[82],"during":[83],"heating":[85],"cooling":[87],"cycle":[88],"weak":[90],"fields.":[92],"Furthermore,":[93],"for":[94],"first":[96],"time,":[97],"nonlinear":[99,156],"magneto-electric":[100],"(ME)":[101],"effect":[102,127],"has":[103],"been":[104],"detected":[105],"respect":[107],"showing":[114],"ferroelectric":[116],"(chiral":[117],"Smectic":[118],"C)":[119],"phase.":[120],"The":[121],"mechanism":[122],"positive":[125],"is":[128,201],"proposed":[129],"discussed":[131],"by":[132,163],"comparison":[133],"our":[135],"experimental":[136,152],"results":[137,153],"well-known":[140],"properties":[142],"SG":[144],"materials":[145],"on":[147],"basis":[149],"ME":[157],"effect.":[158],"A":[159],"recent":[160],"theoretical":[161],"study":[162],"means":[164],"dynamic":[167],"simulation":[168],"density":[170],"functional":[171],"theory":[172],"calculations":[173],"suggesting":[174],"high":[176],"possibility":[177],"conservation":[179],"memory":[182],"spin-spin":[184],"interactions":[185],"between":[186],"moments":[188],"owing":[189],"ceaseless":[192],"contacts":[194],"isotropic":[199],"states":[200],"briefly":[202],"mentioned":[203],"well.":[205]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
