{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3097734486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111812","title":"HLNet: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Segmentation and Facial Skin Tones Evaluation","display_name":"HLNet: A Unified Framework for Real-Time Segmentation and Facial Skin Tones Evaluation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3097734486","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111812","mag":"3097734486"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12111812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1812/pdf?version=1604474954","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1812/pdf?version=1604474954","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071804110","display_name":"Xinglong Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-8601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinglong Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8732-8601","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053466370","display_name":"Xianwen Gao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0305-1041"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xianwen Gao","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037665763","display_name":"Ling Luo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1325"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9224756","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/03awzbc87","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ling Luo","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0766-1325","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5053466370"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9224756"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3833,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62213122,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"11","first_page":"1812","last_page":"1812"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11019","display_name":"Image Enhancement Techniques","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11666","display_name":"Color Science and Applications","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3107","display_name":"Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8451893329620361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.7075821161270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6991063952445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6650291085243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6287146806716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/moment","display_name":"Moment (physics)","score":0.539207398891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5346155762672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5117120742797852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4889141619205475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.484435111284256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.36416101455688477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8451893329620361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.7075821161270142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6991063952445984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6650291085243225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6287146806716919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179254644","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13222844","display_name":"Moment (physics)","level":2,"score":0.539207398891449},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5346155762672424},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5117120742797852},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4889141619205475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.484435111284256},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.36416101455688477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74650414","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11397","display_name":"Classical mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12111812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1812/pdf?version=1604474954","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:599fb5491e464b1db440e07814a7a2a3","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/599fb5491e464b1db440e07814a7a2a3","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 11, p 1812 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/11/1812/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12111812","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12111812","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12111812","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/11/1812/pdf?version=1604474954","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1665774614","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573088","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7895083661","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"61573087","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3097734486.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3097734486.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":52,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1836465849","https://openalex.org/W1901129140","https://openalex.org/W1903029394","https://openalex.org/W1923697677","https://openalex.org/W1969294188","https://openalex.org/W2033075286","https://openalex.org/W2035773017","https://openalex.org/W2045134316","https://openalex.org/W2114096665","https://openalex.org/W2124592697","https://openalex.org/W2132050322","https://openalex.org/W2155632266","https://openalex.org/W2160956336","https://openalex.org/W2209882149","https://openalex.org/W2286929393","https://openalex.org/W2341528187","https://openalex.org/W2395611524","https://openalex.org/W2419448466","https://openalex.org/W2531409750","https://openalex.org/W2559597482","https://openalex.org/W2560023338","https://openalex.org/W2563705555","https://openalex.org/W2566619501","https://openalex.org/W2612445135","https://openalex.org/W2630837129","https://openalex.org/W2734349601","https://openalex.org/W2789095465","https://openalex.org/W2789983685","https://openalex.org/W2796438033","https://openalex.org/W2886934227","https://openalex.org/W2893299052","https://openalex.org/W2916798096","https://openalex.org/W2921526792","https://openalex.org/W2925359305","https://openalex.org/W2931457038","https://openalex.org/W2949117887","https://openalex.org/W2950557924","https://openalex.org/W2955058313","https://openalex.org/W2963163009","https://openalex.org/W2963727650","https://openalex.org/W2963890956","https://openalex.org/W2964166015","https://openalex.org/W2964217532","https://openalex.org/W2971198903","https://openalex.org/W2982770724","https://openalex.org/W2985650650","https://openalex.org/W3023488494","https://openalex.org/W3101998545","https://openalex.org/W6632687447","https://openalex.org/W6640054144","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6760613829"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2378211422","https://openalex.org/W4321353415","https://openalex.org/W2745001401","https://openalex.org/W2130974462","https://openalex.org/W2028665553","https://openalex.org/W2086519370","https://openalex.org/W4246352526","https://openalex.org/W2121910908","https://openalex.org/W915438175","https://openalex.org/W4230315250"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Real-time":[0],"semantic":[1],"segmentation":[2,32],"plays":[3],"a":[4,22,37,130],"crucial":[5],"role":[6],"in":[7,148],"industrial":[8],"applications,":[9],"such":[10,36,102],"as":[11,103],"autonomous":[12],"driving,":[13],"the":[14,27,85,96,149,152,158,173,176],"beauty":[15],"industry,":[16],"and":[17,31,66,105,117,167],"so":[18],"on.":[19],"It":[20],"is":[21,91],"challenging":[23],"problem":[24],"to":[25,95,112,123],"balance":[26],"relationship":[28],"between":[29],"speed":[30],"performance.":[33],"To":[34,82],"address":[35],"complex":[38],"task,":[39],"this":[40],"paper":[41],"introduces":[42],"an":[43],"efficient":[44],"convolutional":[45],"neural":[46],"network":[47],"(CNN)":[48],"architecture":[49],"named":[50],"HLNet":[51,62,111],"for":[52,129,162],"devices":[53],"with":[54],"limited":[55],"resources.":[56],"Based":[57],"on":[58,78,141],"high-quality":[59],"design":[60],"modules,":[61],"better":[63],"integrates":[64],"high-dimensional":[65],"low-dimensional":[67],"information":[68],"while":[69],"obtaining":[70],"sufficient":[71],"receptive":[72],"fields,":[73],"which":[74],"achieves":[75],"remarkable":[76],"results":[77],"three":[79],"benchmark":[80],"datasets.":[81],"our":[83,134],"knowledge,":[84],"accuracy":[86,171],"of":[87,98,151,175],"skin":[88,163],"tone":[89,164],"classification":[90,170],"usually":[92],"unsatisfactory":[93],"due":[94],"influence":[97],"external":[99],"environmental":[100],"factors":[101],"illumination":[104],"background":[106],"impurities.":[107],"Therefore,":[108],"we":[109,136],"use":[110,119,157],"obtain":[113],"accurate":[114],"face":[115],"regions,":[116],"further":[118,156],"color":[120,126,160],"moment":[121,161],"algorithm":[122],"extract":[124],"its":[125],"features.":[127],"Specifically,":[128],"224\u00d7224":[131],"input,":[132],"using":[133],"HLNet,":[135],"achieve":[137],"78.39%":[138],"mean":[139],"IoU":[140],"Figaro1k":[142],"dataset":[143],"at":[144],"over":[145],"17":[146],"FPS":[147],"case":[150],"CPU":[153],"environment.":[154],"We":[155],"masked":[159],"grade":[165],"evaluation":[166],"approximate":[168],"80%":[169],"demonstrate":[172],"feasibility":[174],"proposed":[177],"method.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}