{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3084713931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091535","title":"Predicting Perceptual Quality in Internet Television Based on Unsupervised Learning","display_name":"Predicting Perceptual Quality in Internet Television Based on Unsupervised Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3084713931","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091535","mag":"3084713931"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12091535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091535","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1535/pdf?version=1600337049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1535/pdf?version=1600337049","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041673632","display_name":"Jaroslav Frnda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-3087"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3122011922","display_name":"University of \u017dilina","ror":"https://ror.org/031wwwj55","country_code":"SK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jaroslav Frnda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6065-3087","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Quantitative Methods and Economic Informatics, Faculty of Operation and Economics of Transport and Communications, University of Zilina, 010 26 Zilina, Slovakia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047516371","display_name":"Jan Nedoma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-2043"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","display_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","ror":"https://ror.org/05x8mcb75","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan Nedoma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7459-2043","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042254735","display_name":"Radek Mart\u00ednek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-143X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","display_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","ror":"https://ror.org/05x8mcb75","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radek Martinek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2054-143X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Cybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 708 00 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089946539","display_name":"Michael Fridrich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7047-7272"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","display_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","ror":"https://ror.org/05x8mcb75","country_code":"CZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}],"countries":["CZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Fridrich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7047-7272","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Telecommunications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5041673632"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3122011922"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":0.3849,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.59380329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1535","last_page":"1535"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11165","display_name":"Image and Video Quality Assessment","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13731","display_name":"Advanced Computing and Algorithms","score":0.9749000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3322","display_name":"Urban Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10057","display_name":"Face and Expression Recognition","score":0.9735000133514404,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8166923522949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-opinion-score","display_name":"Mean opinion score","score":0.6937321424484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overfitting","display_name":"Overfitting","score":0.6614301204681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5749542117118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5673975944519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5541908144950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-service","display_name":"Quality of service","score":0.5170081853866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality-of-experience","display_name":"Quality of experience","score":0.4744457006454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.41966864466667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.4141163229942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.4042602777481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metric","display_name":"Metric (unit)","score":0.2802653908729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.27955102920532227}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8166923522949219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62897895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1915482","display_name":"Mean opinion score","level":3,"score":0.6937321424484253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22019652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q331309","display_name":"Overfitting","level":3,"score":0.6614301204681396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5749542117118835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5673975944519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5541908144950867},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5119721","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q220501","display_name":"Quality of service","level":2,"score":0.5170081853866577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779333187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3132648","display_name":"Quality of experience","level":3,"score":0.4744457006454468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.41966864466667175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.4141163229942322},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.4042602777481079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C176217482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860554","display_name":"Metric (unit)","level":2,"score":0.2802653908729553},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.27955102920532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21547014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423657","display_name":"Operations management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12091535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091535","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1535/pdf?version=1600337049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:8dda7cfc78b34377923794905d338354","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/8dda7cfc78b34377923794905d338354","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 1535 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.vsb.cz:10084/142607","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10084/142607","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401668","display_name":"DSpace V\u0160B-TUO (V\u0160B-TUO)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142208455","host_organization_name":"VSB - Technical University of Ostrava","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142208455"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/9/1535/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091535","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12091535","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091535","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1535/pdf?version=1600337049","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3084713931.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":32,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1567343640","https://openalex.org/W1575053380","https://openalex.org/W1905280421","https://openalex.org/W1974076946","https://openalex.org/W2016048072","https://openalex.org/W2042163033","https://openalex.org/W2046079134","https://openalex.org/W2097308346","https://openalex.org/W2236395554","https://openalex.org/W2270880354","https://openalex.org/W2594112328","https://openalex.org/W2736522150","https://openalex.org/W2886541144","https://openalex.org/W2901072521","https://openalex.org/W2902421102","https://openalex.org/W2921921434","https://openalex.org/W2947167948","https://openalex.org/W2947544252","https://openalex.org/W2950121473","https://openalex.org/W2951955003","https://openalex.org/W2963398015","https://openalex.org/W2969223534","https://openalex.org/W2970560257","https://openalex.org/W2970567068","https://openalex.org/W3034227553","https://openalex.org/W3048897660","https://openalex.org/W3080249649","https://openalex.org/W3212088100","https://openalex.org/W6651236112","https://openalex.org/W6757050183","https://openalex.org/W6760616474","https://openalex.org/W6803900416"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2516823580","https://openalex.org/W2044415708","https://openalex.org/W2023826535","https://openalex.org/W1996783258","https://openalex.org/W3037882807","https://openalex.org/W3031398062","https://openalex.org/W3127182254","https://openalex.org/W3102837312","https://openalex.org/W2969061934","https://openalex.org/W4391763272"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Quality":[0],"of":[1,6,17,25,56,75,84,150,156,166,183,203],"service":[2],"(QoS)":[3],"and":[4,153,169],"quality":[5,15,144],"experience":[7],"(QoE)":[8,42],"are":[9,187],"two":[10],"major":[11],"concepts":[12],"for":[13,66,117],"the":[14,22,37,45,76,141,163,184,201],"evaluation":[16,41,68],"video":[18,158],"services.":[19],"QoS":[20],"analyzes":[21],"technical":[23],"performance":[24],"a":[26,54,97,109,148,204,211,214],"network":[27,118],"transmission":[28],"chain":[29],"(e.g.,":[30],"utilization":[31],"or":[32,176,192],"packet":[33],"loss":[34],"rate).":[35],"On":[36],"other":[38],"hand,":[39],"subjective":[40,99,142],"relies":[43],"on":[44,147,189],"observer\u2019s":[46],"opinion,":[47],"so":[48],"it":[49,115],"cannot":[50],"provide":[51],"output":[52,100],"in":[53],"form":[55],"score":[57,149],"immediately":[58],"(extensive":[59],"time":[60],"requirements).":[61],"Although":[62],"several":[63],"well-known":[64],"methods":[65],"objective":[67,151],"exist":[69],"(trying":[70],"to":[71,96,120,125],"adopt":[72],"psychological":[73],"principles":[74],"human":[77],"visual":[78],"system":[79],"via":[80],"mathematical":[81],"models),":[82],"each":[83,157],"them":[85],"has":[86],"its":[87],"own":[88],"rating":[89,111],"scale":[90],"without":[91],"an":[92,136],"existing":[93],"symmetric":[94],"conversion":[95],"standardized":[98],"like":[101],"MOS":[102],"(mean":[103],"opinion":[104],"score),":[105],"typically":[106],"represented":[107],"by":[108],"five-point":[110],"scale.":[112],"This":[113],"makes":[114],"difficult":[116],"operators":[119],"recognize":[121],"when":[122],"they":[123],"have":[124],"apply":[126],"resource":[127],"reservation":[128],"control":[129],"mechanisms.":[130],"For":[131],"this":[132,196],"reason,":[133],"we":[134,198],"propose":[135],"application":[137],"(classifier)":[138],"that":[139],"derivates":[140],"end-user":[143],"perception":[145],"based":[146,188],"assessment":[152],"selected":[154],"parameters":[155],"sequence.":[159],"Our":[160],"model":[161],"integrates":[162],"unique":[164],"benefits":[165],"unsupervised":[167],"learning":[168],"clustering":[170],"techniques":[171],"such":[172],"as":[173,213],"overfitting":[174],"avoidance":[175],"small":[177],"dataset":[178],"requirements.":[179],"In":[180,195],"fact,":[181],"most":[182],"published":[185],"papers":[186],"regression":[190],"models":[191],"supervised":[193],"clustering.":[194],"article,":[197],"also":[199],"investigate":[200],"possibility":[202],"graphical":[205],"SOM":[206],"(self-organizing":[207],"map)":[208],"representation":[209],"called":[210],"U-matrix":[212],"feature":[215],"selection":[216],"method.":[217]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}