{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082885259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091444","title":"Supervised Learning-Based Fast, Stealthy, and Active NAT Device Identification Using Port Response Patterns","display_name":"Supervised Learning-Based Fast, Stealthy, and Active NAT Device Identification Using Port Response Patterns","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082885259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091444","mag":"3082885259"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12091444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091444","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1444/pdf?version=1599031607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1444/pdf?version=1599031607","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043492149","display_name":"Seungwoon Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-1889"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Seungwoon Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7939-1889","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008639790","display_name":"Si Jung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-2491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133999245","display_name":"University of Nevada, Las Vegas","ror":"https://ror.org/0406gha72","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133999245"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Si Jung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7073-2491","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Howard R. Hughes College of Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133999245"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040651191","display_name":"Jung\u2010Tae Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5383-3004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jungtae Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065984213","display_name":"Byeong\u2010hee Roh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-4210"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I57664883","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Byeong-hee Roh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2509-4210","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5065984213"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I57664883"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.7075,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68443316,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"9","first_page":"1444","last_page":"1444"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.9984999895095825,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8439910411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nat","display_name":"Nat","score":0.810185432434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7846248149871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-address-translation","display_name":"Network address translation","score":0.6697568297386169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/port","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","score":0.5733616352081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4759276211261749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.46609628200531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/network-security","display_name":"Network security","score":0.46464109420776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supervised-learning","display_name":"Supervised learning","score":0.45481076836586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.3903247117996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3358052372932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.17698851227760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.07609698176383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.0661766529083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.060581743717193604}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8439910411834717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182516595","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376660","display_name":"Nat","level":2,"score":0.810185432434082},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7846248149871826},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147873670","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11182","display_name":"Network address translation","level":4,"score":0.6697568297386169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32802771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2443617","display_name":"Port (circuit theory)","level":2,"score":0.5733616352081299},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4759276211261749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.46609628200531006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182590292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q989632","display_name":"Network security","level":2,"score":0.46464109420776367},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136389625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334384","display_name":"Supervised learning","level":3,"score":0.45481076836586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.3903247117996216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3358052372932434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.17698851227760315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.07609698176383972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.0661766529083252},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.060581743717193604},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35341882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8795","display_name":"Internet Protocol","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":5,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12091444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091444","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1444/pdf?version=1599031607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:digitalscholarship.unlv.edu:coe_fac_articles-1009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/coe_fac_articles/9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196371","display_name":"Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","host_organization_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Engineering Faculty Publications","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:30fb17eae26f4af2b65dedf1a7eeff92","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/30fb17eae26f4af2b65dedf1a7eeff92","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 9, p 1444 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/9/1444/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12091444","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:oasis.library.unlv.edu:coe_fac_articles-1009","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://oasis.library.unlv.edu/coe_fac_articles/9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196371","display_name":"Digital Scholarship - UNLV (University of Nevada Reno)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I134113660","host_organization_name":"University of Nevada, Reno","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134113660"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"College of Engineering Faculty Research","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12091444","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12091444","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/9/1444/pdf?version=1599031607","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6111526709","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"IITP-2020-2018-0-01431","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","funder_display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7121083988","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"S-2019-G0001-00046","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321354","funder_display_name":"Ajou University"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321354","display_name":"Ajou University","ror":"https://ror.org/03tzb2h73"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335489","display_name":"Institute for Information and Communications Technology Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/01g0hqq23"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":40,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W125674153","https://openalex.org/W631324449","https://openalex.org/W1593925121","https://openalex.org/W1595569211","https://openalex.org/W1611777866","https://openalex.org/W1877345074","https://openalex.org/W1920802909","https://openalex.org/W1967320885","https://openalex.org/W1976087243","https://openalex.org/W1981566479","https://openalex.org/W1982812298","https://openalex.org/W2016783951","https://openalex.org/W2024393197","https://openalex.org/W2058122670","https://openalex.org/W2085021376","https://openalex.org/W2087321129","https://openalex.org/W2087347434","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2104599106","https://openalex.org/W2122111042","https://openalex.org/W2125055259","https://openalex.org/W2132252674","https://openalex.org/W2163075236","https://openalex.org/W2560631726","https://openalex.org/W2570768014","https://openalex.org/W2577666727","https://openalex.org/W2624406895","https://openalex.org/W2766736793","https://openalex.org/W2801218465","https://openalex.org/W2888853184","https://openalex.org/W2905488906","https://openalex.org/W2911964244","https://openalex.org/W2989244729","https://openalex.org/W2990405881","https://openalex.org/W2994735844","https://openalex.org/W3007904168","https://openalex.org/W6639503372","https://openalex.org/W6640239109","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6754090539"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069788412","https://openalex.org/W2993382487","https://openalex.org/W1555739159","https://openalex.org/W2371365544","https://openalex.org/W2368619280","https://openalex.org/W1899296162","https://openalex.org/W2104434117","https://openalex.org/W2010198837","https://openalex.org/W2389904019","https://openalex.org/W2159269118"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"network":[1,14,17,114],"address":[2,35],"translation":[3],"(NAT)":[4],"provides":[5],"various":[6],"advantages,":[7],"it":[8,25],"may":[9,26],"cause":[10],"potential":[11],"threats":[12],"to":[13,19,29,73,78,152],"operations.":[15],"For":[16],"administrators":[18],"operate":[20,110],"networks":[21,154],"effectively":[22],"and":[23,69,77,92,156],"securely,":[24],"be":[27],"necessary":[28],"verify":[30],"whether":[31],"an":[32],"assigned":[33],"IP":[34],"is":[36,126],"using":[37,54],"NAT":[38,50],"or":[39],"not.":[40],"In":[41,71],"this":[42],"paper,":[43],"we":[44,88,143],"propose":[45,89],"a":[46,90,129],"supervised":[47,84],"learning-based":[48],"active":[49],"device":[51],"(NATD)":[52],"identification":[53,95,103],"port":[55,64],"response":[56,65],"patterns.":[57],"The":[58,97,118],"proposed":[59,98,124,141],"model":[60],"utilizes":[61],"the":[62,75,80,102,112,116,123,136,140],"asymmetric":[63],"patterns":[66],"between":[67],"NATD":[68,94],"non-NATD.":[70],"addition,":[72],"reduce":[74],"time":[76],"solve":[79],"security":[81],"issue":[82],"that":[83,108,122,149],"learning":[85],"approaches":[86],"exhibit,":[87],"fast":[91],"stealthy":[93],"method.":[96],"method":[99,125],"can":[100,150],"perform":[101],"remotely,":[104],"unlike":[105],"conventional":[106],"methods":[107],"should":[109],"in":[111],"same":[113],"as":[115],"targets.":[117],"experimental":[119],"results":[120],"demonstrate":[121],"effective,":[127],"exhibiting":[128],"F1":[130],"score":[131],"of":[132,139],"over":[133],"90%.":[134],"With":[135],"efficient":[137],"features":[138],"methods,":[142],"recommend":[144],"some":[145],"practical":[146],"use":[147],"cases":[148],"contribute":[151],"managing":[153],"securely":[155],"effectively.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
