{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3044178983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081200","title":"Blockchain Paradigm for Healthcare: Performance Evaluation","display_name":"Blockchain Paradigm for Healthcare: Performance Evaluation","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3044178983","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081200","mag":"3044178983"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12081200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1200/pdf?version=1595405221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1200/pdf?version=1595405221","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000395681","display_name":"Leila Ismail","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Leila Ismail","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi 15551, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0946-1818","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi 15551, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041785111","display_name":"Huned Materwala","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-245X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huned Materwala","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi 15551, UAE"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3176-245X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, College of Information Technology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi 15551, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5000395681"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2227},"fwci":10.9163,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":56,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98282805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"8","first_page":"1200","last_page":"1200"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10273","display_name":"IoT and Edge/Fog Computing","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blockchain","display_name":"Blockchain","score":0.8148623108863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.7372248768806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interoperability","display_name":"Interoperability","score":0.6987266540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.6255647540092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5885626077651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/server","display_name":"Server","score":0.5163899064064026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stewardship","display_name":"Stewardship (theology)","score":0.4695121943950653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-sharing","display_name":"Data sharing","score":0.46872150897979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/architecture","display_name":"Architecture","score":0.4483359456062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4163694679737091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2460971176624298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1900838017463684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779687700","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20514253","display_name":"Blockchain","level":2,"score":0.8148623108863831},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.7372248768806458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C20136886","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q749647","display_name":"Interoperability","level":2,"score":0.6987266540527344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.6255647540092468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5885626077651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93996380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44127","display_name":"Server","level":2,"score":0.5163899064064026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777950569","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021836","display_name":"Stewardship (theology)","level":3,"score":0.4695121943950653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779965156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5227350","display_name":"Data sharing","level":3,"score":0.46872150897979736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.4483359456062317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4163694679737091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2460971176624298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1900838017463684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204787440","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188504","display_name":"Alternative medicine","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12081200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1200/pdf?version=1595405221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:afa792eb45244c2cbd66c222fed34a07","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/afa792eb45244c2cbd66c222fed34a07","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 8, p 1200 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/8/1200/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12081200","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12081200","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12081200","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/8/1200/pdf?version=1595405221","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.4300000071525574,"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320323593","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044178983.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3044178983.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":42,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600255172","https://openalex.org/W2092983720","https://openalex.org/W2514994441","https://openalex.org/W2522448907","https://openalex.org/W2561097737","https://openalex.org/W2616934625","https://openalex.org/W2769552776","https://openalex.org/W2786151040","https://openalex.org/W2789950367","https://openalex.org/W2791935104","https://openalex.org/W2797838170","https://openalex.org/W2802745431","https://openalex.org/W2805383889","https://openalex.org/W2805677640","https://openalex.org/W2807965149","https://openalex.org/W2808579374","https://openalex.org/W2809092276","https://openalex.org/W2809143401","https://openalex.org/W2810381494","https://openalex.org/W2845081339","https://openalex.org/W2878975049","https://openalex.org/W2883123626","https://openalex.org/W2885564324","https://openalex.org/W2886180210","https://openalex.org/W2889429201","https://openalex.org/W2890702538","https://openalex.org/W2897450989","https://openalex.org/W2899742646","https://openalex.org/W2901185019","https://openalex.org/W2910369831","https://openalex.org/W2946376927","https://openalex.org/W2970755484","https://openalex.org/W2990181228","https://openalex.org/W3003235457","https://openalex.org/W3011043091","https://openalex.org/W3015328028","https://openalex.org/W3121747242","https://openalex.org/W3126049368","https://openalex.org/W4255535209","https://openalex.org/W4399339983","https://openalex.org/W6678832241","https://openalex.org/W6770381254"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W3216065934","https://openalex.org/W2092760307"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electronic":[0],"health":[1,90,178],"records":[2,19,51],"(EHRs)":[3],"have":[4,109],"become":[5],"a":[6,53,67,70,78,82,110,161],"popular":[7],"method":[8],"to":[9,76,88,118],"store":[10],"and":[11,29,81,85,96,103,124,138,145,168,183,189],"manage":[12],"patients\u2019":[13,48,89,170],"data":[14,24,100,171],"in":[15,113,160,172,180],"hospitals.":[16],"Sharing":[17],"these":[18],"makes":[20],"the":[21,36,44,47,97,107,114,119,128,140,143,146,166,173],"current":[22,129],"healthcare":[23,115],"management":[25,133],"system":[26],"more":[27],"accurate":[28],"cost-efficient.":[30],"Currently,":[31],"EHRs":[32],"are":[33,55],"stored":[34],"using":[35,60,158],"client/server":[37,130,147],"architecture":[38],"by":[39],"which":[40],"each":[41],"hospital":[42],"retains":[43],"stewardship":[45],"of":[46,52,106,127,142],"data.":[49],"The":[50,99,149],"patient":[54],"scattered":[56],"among":[57],"different":[58],"hospitals":[59],"heterogeneous":[61],"database":[62],"servers.":[63],"These":[64],"limitations":[65],"constitute":[66],"burden":[68],"towards":[69],"personalized":[71],"healthcare,":[72],"when":[73],"it":[74],"comes":[75],"offering":[77],"cohesive":[79],"view":[80],"shared,":[83],"secure":[84],"private":[86],"access":[87],"history":[91],"for":[92],"multiple":[93],"allied":[94,177],"professionals":[95,179],"patients.":[98],"availability,":[101],"privacy":[102,125],"security":[104],"characteristics":[105],"blockchain":[108,144,159,174],"propitious":[111],"future":[112],"presenting":[116],"solutions":[117],"complexity,":[120],"confidentiality,":[121],"integrity,":[122],"interoperability":[123],"issues":[126],"architecture-based":[131],"EHR":[132],"system.":[134],"This":[135],"paper":[136],"analyzes":[137],"compares":[139],"performance":[141,154],"paradigms.":[148],"results":[150],"reveal":[151],"that":[152],"notable":[153],"can":[155,175],"be":[156],"achieved":[157],"patient-centric":[162],"approach.":[163],"In":[164],"addition,":[165],"immutable":[167],"valid":[169],"aid":[176],"better":[181],"prognosis":[182],"diagnosis":[184],"support":[185],"through":[186],"machine":[187],"learning":[188],"artificial":[190],"intelligence.":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}