{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3028161679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050846","title":"Asymmetrical Velocity Distribution in the Drag-Reducing Channel Flow of Surfactant Solution Caused by an Injected Ultrathin Water Layer","display_name":"Asymmetrical Velocity Distribution in the Drag-Reducing Channel Flow of Surfactant Solution Caused by an Injected Ultrathin Water Layer","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-05-21","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3028161679","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050846","mag":"3028161679"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12050846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050846","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/5/846/pdf?version=1590055936","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/5/846/pdf?version=1590055936","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113748992","display_name":"Zaiguo Fu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zaiguo Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113139716","display_name":"Xiaotian Liang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I23632641","display_name":"Shanghai University of Electric Power","ror":"https://ror.org/02w4tny03","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaotian Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Energy and Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai University of Electric Power, Shanghai 200090, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100432215","display_name":"Kang Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5813-8166"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kang Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Thermal Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Chengde 067000, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Thermal Engineering, Chengde Petroleum College, Chengde 067000, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100432215","https://openalex.org/A5113748992"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I23632641"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3762,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48747749,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"5","first_page":"846","last_page":"846"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11379","display_name":"Rheology and Fluid Dynamics Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11379","display_name":"Rheology and Fluid Dynamics Studies","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1507","display_name":"Fluid Flow and Transfer Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/15","display_name":"Chemical Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10360","display_name":"Fluid Dynamics and Turbulent Flows","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2206","display_name":"Computational Mechanics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11945","display_name":"Heat Transfer Mechanisms","score":0.9650999903678894,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/drag","display_name":"Drag","score":0.7941878437995911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics","display_name":"Mechanics","score":0.6768301725387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/particle-image-velocimetry","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","score":0.6742876172065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence","display_name":"Turbulence","score":0.6652567982673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5792609453201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/laminar-flow","display_name":"Laminar flow","score":0.5611168742179871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-channel-flow","display_name":"Open-channel flow","score":0.5498438477516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscoelasticity","display_name":"Viscoelasticity","score":0.5228422284126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/water-tunnel","display_name":"Water tunnel","score":0.5031010508537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boundary-layer","display_name":"Boundary layer","score":0.4761369526386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","score":0.43856728076934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-velocity","display_name":"Flow velocity","score":0.4234885275363922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence-kinetic-energy","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","score":0.419140100479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.2655968964099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vortex","display_name":"Vortex","score":0.15456384420394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.12612149119377136}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72921944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q206621","display_name":"Drag","level":2,"score":0.7941878437995911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.6768301725387573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207857233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756248","display_name":"Particle image velocimetry","level":3,"score":0.6742876172065735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.6652567982673645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5792609453201294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76563973","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189452","display_name":"Laminar flow","level":2,"score":0.5611168742179871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180925781","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514096","display_name":"Open-channel flow","level":3,"score":0.5498438477516174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186541917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910483","display_name":"Viscoelasticity","level":2,"score":0.5228422284126282},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776827753","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2551054","display_name":"Water tunnel","level":3,"score":0.5031010508537292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111603439","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q752193","display_name":"Boundary layer","level":2,"score":0.4761369526386261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38349280","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1434290","display_name":"Flow (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.43856728076934814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166693061","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5462119","display_name":"Flow velocity","level":3,"score":0.4234885275363922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15476950","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7854776","display_name":"Turbulence kinetic energy","level":3,"score":0.419140100479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.2655968964099884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140820882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q732722","display_name":"Vortex","level":2,"score":0.15456384420394897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.12612149119377136}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12050846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050846","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/5/846/pdf?version=1590055936","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4790dd12bf7949be8c37bab0338c2bc6","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/4790dd12bf7949be8c37bab0338c2bc6","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 5, p 846 (2020)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12050846","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12050846","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/5/846/pdf?version=1590055936","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Clean water and sanitation","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/6"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3342695998","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"51606114","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G964169327","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"19020500900","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3028161679.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3028161679.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1965410830","https://openalex.org/W1973583237","https://openalex.org/W1983426039","https://openalex.org/W2012254569","https://openalex.org/W2018089774","https://openalex.org/W2046001026","https://openalex.org/W2056878980","https://openalex.org/W2078975966","https://openalex.org/W2081222491","https://openalex.org/W2082009582","https://openalex.org/W2098379323","https://openalex.org/W2132705565","https://openalex.org/W2143662895","https://openalex.org/W2148207588","https://openalex.org/W2341636221","https://openalex.org/W2396588304","https://openalex.org/W2559843739","https://openalex.org/W2587544435","https://openalex.org/W2591610458","https://openalex.org/W2765996010","https://openalex.org/W2772758297","https://openalex.org/W2998345352","https://openalex.org/W3124829180","https://openalex.org/W6733277153"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2799910732","https://openalex.org/W2168476907","https://openalex.org/W2337741356","https://openalex.org/W2019597114","https://openalex.org/W2157361678","https://openalex.org/W3045194431","https://openalex.org/W1831610245","https://openalex.org/W2626968056","https://openalex.org/W3216640679","https://openalex.org/W110144562"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Although":[0],"the":[1,7,14,19,30,34,40,62,71,86,129,141,151,154,164,168,178,182,190,200,206,209],"turbulent":[2,116],"intensity":[3],"is":[4,22],"suppressed":[5],"in":[6,18,167,177],"drag-reducing":[8,41,87,155,210],"channel":[9,20,77],"flow":[10,21,42,88,96,135],"by":[11,100,212],"viscoelastic":[12,123,183,213],"additives,":[13],"mean":[15,51],"velocity":[16,52,82],"distribution":[17,53,121],"symmetrical":[23],"and":[24,61,95,106,119,181,205],"tends":[25],"to":[26,29,189],"be":[27],"similar":[28],"laminar":[31],"flow.":[32,156],"In":[33],"study":[35],"of":[36,39,89,122,131,153,203,208],"near-wall":[37,179,201],"modulation":[38,202],"with":[43,70],"an":[44,49,65],"injected":[45,73,142],"ultrathin":[46,143],"water":[47,72,144],"layer,":[48],"asymmetrical":[50],"was":[54,67,175,185],"found.":[55],"To":[56],"further":[57],"investigate":[58],"this":[59],"phenomenon":[60],"underlying":[63],"cause,":[64],"experiment":[66],"carried":[68,126],"out":[69,127],"from":[74],"a":[75,80],"porous":[76],"wall":[78],"at":[79],"small":[81],"(~10\u22124":[83],"m/s)":[84],"into":[85],"surfactant":[90],"solution.":[91],"The":[92,137,157,171],"instantaneous":[93],"concentration":[94],"fields":[97],"were":[98,125],"measured":[99],"using":[101],"planar":[102],"laser-induced":[103],"fluorescence":[104],"(PLIF)":[105],"particle":[107],"imaging":[108],"velocimetry":[109],"(PIV)":[110],"techniques,":[111],"respectively.":[112],"Moreover,":[113],"analyses":[114],"on":[115,128],"statistical":[117],"characteristics":[118],"spatial":[120],"structures":[124],"basis":[130],"comparison":[132],"among":[133],"various":[134],"cases.":[136],"results":[138,194],"showed":[139,163],"that":[140],"layer":[145],"under":[146],"present":[147],"experimental":[148,197],"conditions":[149],"affected":[150],"anisotropy":[152],"characteristics,":[158],"such":[159],"as":[160],"turbulence":[161,204],"intensity,":[162],"zonal":[165],"feature":[166],"wall-normal":[169],"direction.":[170],"Reynolds":[172],"shear":[173],"stress":[174],"enhanced":[176],"region,":[180],"structure":[184],"modified":[186],"severely":[187],"due":[188],"redistributed":[191],"stress.":[192],"These":[193],"may":[195],"provide":[196],"supports":[198],"for":[199],"exploration":[207],"mechanism":[211],"additives.":[214]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
