{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3006153837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020278","title":"A Simplified Method to Avoid Shadows at Parabolic-Trough Solar Collectors Facilities","display_name":"A Simplified Method to Avoid Shadows at Parabolic-Trough Solar Collectors Facilities","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-02-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3006153837","doi":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020278","mag":"3006153837"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/278/pdf?version=1581585946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/278/pdf?version=1581585946","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036148509","display_name":"Nuria Novas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8980-6163"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52354020","display_name":"University of Almer\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/003d3xx08","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52354020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nuria Novas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, ceiA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8980-6163","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, ceiA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52354020"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061143081","display_name":"Aranzaz\u00fa Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099652","display_name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo","ror":"https://ror.org/01297db79","country_code":"ES","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134820265","https://openalex.org/I4210099652"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ar\u00e1nzazu Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","raw_affiliation_strings":["CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almer\u00eda, Ctra. Sen\u00e9s, 04200 Tabernas, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almer\u00eda, Ctra. Sen\u00e9s, 04200 Tabernas, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099652"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076148890","display_name":"Francisco Manzano\u2010Agugliaro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-030X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I52354020","display_name":"University of Almer\u00eda","ror":"https://ror.org/003d3xx08","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I52354020"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Francisco Manzano-Agugliaro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, ceiA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-030X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, University of Almeria, ceiA3, 04120 Almeria, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52354020"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5076148890"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I52354020"],"apc_list":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"apc_paid":{"value":2000,"currency":"CHF","value_usd":2165},"fwci":0.3221,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.50112238,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"2","first_page":"278","last_page":"278"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10905","display_name":"Solar Thermal and Photovoltaic Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10468","display_name":"Photovoltaic System Optimization Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2105","display_name":"Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/21","display_name":"Energy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11276","display_name":"Solar Radiation and Photovoltaics","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parabolic-trough","display_name":"Parabolic trough","score":0.9191821217536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/renewable-energy","display_name":"Renewable energy","score":0.6596512198448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.525104820728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-tracker","display_name":"Solar tracker","score":0.5196369886398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latitude","display_name":"Latitude","score":0.4967990219593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.49178460240364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-power","display_name":"Solar power","score":0.4772791266441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-energy","display_name":"Solar energy","score":0.4600633680820465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","score":0.45483535528182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology","display_name":"Meteorology","score":0.45118221640586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scale","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","score":0.4453858435153961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/work","display_name":"Work (physics)","score":0.42097800970077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.27037638425827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","score":0.15384092926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1431921422481537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.1417999565601349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.1336323320865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.1244877278804779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.11766830086708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geodesy","display_name":"Geodesy","score":0.11357921361923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography","display_name":"Cartography","score":0.10347351431846619}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2051219","display_name":"Parabolic trough","level":3,"score":0.9191821217536926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188573790","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12705","display_name":"Renewable energy","level":2,"score":0.6596512198448181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.525104820728302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119338728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938237","display_name":"Solar tracker","level":3,"score":0.5196369886398315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122523270","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34027","display_name":"Latitude","level":2,"score":0.4967990219593048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.49178460240364075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777618391","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483757","display_name":"Solar power","level":3,"score":0.4772791266441345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C541104983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40015","display_name":"Solar energy","level":2,"score":0.4600633680820465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41291067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785","display_name":"Photovoltaic system","level":2,"score":0.45483535528182983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153294291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261","display_name":"Meteorology","level":1,"score":0.45118221640586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.4453858435153961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18762648","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42213","display_name":"Work (physics)","level":2,"score":0.42097800970077515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.27037638425827026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.15384092926979065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1431921422481537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.1417999565601349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.1336323320865631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.1244877278804779},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.11766830086708069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.11357921361923218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58640448","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515","display_name":"Cartography","level":1,"score":0.10347351431846619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/278/pdf?version=1581585946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:riualreposit::cf644aca3d23899d8b2012fdc905344a","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10835/7749","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402641","display_name":"LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Cient\u00edficas)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4383465926","host_organization_name":"LA Referencia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4383465926"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:bfbe7839109f4acc80718a16e0af07d5","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/bfbe7839109f4acc80718a16e0af07d5","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry, Vol 12, Iss 2, p 278 (2020)","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2073-8994/12/2/278/","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym12020278","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400947","display_name":"MDPI (MDPI AG)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210097602","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097602"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.3390/sym12020278","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.3390/sym12020278","pdf_url":"https://www.mdpi.com/2073-8994/12/2/278/pdf?version=1581585946","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S190787756","display_name":"Symmetry","issn_l":"2073-8994","issn":["2073-8994"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310310987","host_organization_name":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310310987"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Symmetry","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006153837.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3006153837.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1779808131","https://openalex.org/W1932009739","https://openalex.org/W1993057026","https://openalex.org/W2003948968","https://openalex.org/W2009437481","https://openalex.org/W2014389467","https://openalex.org/W2056673653","https://openalex.org/W2081855552","https://openalex.org/W2091674369","https://openalex.org/W2093049111","https://openalex.org/W2593267520","https://openalex.org/W2618289557","https://openalex.org/W2621900912","https://openalex.org/W2734563894","https://openalex.org/W2741380125","https://openalex.org/W2757866287","https://openalex.org/W2772010314","https://openalex.org/W2777234152","https://openalex.org/W2795199039","https://openalex.org/W2805503300","https://openalex.org/W2888113581","https://openalex.org/W2899951591","https://openalex.org/W2903098231","https://openalex.org/W2914493675","https://openalex.org/W2945527696","https://openalex.org/W2980231345"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2051051773","https://openalex.org/W2080554736","https://openalex.org/W2889773539","https://openalex.org/W2620362025","https://openalex.org/W2522956023","https://openalex.org/W2141965344","https://openalex.org/W2730266243","https://openalex.org/W2384060174","https://openalex.org/W4385707793","https://openalex.org/W2098155716"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Renewable":[0],"energy":[1,29,81],"today":[2],"is":[3,30,42,83,127,157,178,195],"no":[4],"longer":[5],"just":[6],"an":[7,181],"affordable":[8],"alternative,":[9],"but":[10],"a":[11,61,66,134,145,154,185,224,235,239,281],"requirement":[12],"for":[13,69,213],"mitigating":[14],"global":[15],"environmental":[16],"problems":[17],"such":[18],"as":[19,105,107,133,142,184,238],"climate":[20],"change.":[21],"Among":[22],"renewable":[23],"energies,":[24],"the":[25,33,76,84,88,102,112,117,124,149,166,169,176,198,203,208,211,218,226,242,263,271,274,277],"use":[26],"of":[27,32,75,87,123,148,168,210,234,241,260,280],"solar":[28],"one":[31],"most":[34],"widespread.":[35],"Concentrating":[36],"Solar":[37],"Power":[38],"(CSP)":[39],"systems,":[40],"however,":[41],"not":[43],"yet":[44],"fully":[45],"widespread":[46],"despite":[47],"having":[48],"demonstrated":[49],"great":[50],"efficiency,":[51],"mainly":[52],"thanks":[53],"to":[54,79,98,159,180,197,268],"parabolic-trough":[55],"collector":[56],"(PTC)":[57],"technology,":[58],"both":[59],"on":[60,65,172],"large":[62,85],"scale":[63,68],"and":[64],"small":[67],"heating":[70],"water":[71],"in":[72,190,202,217,270,276],"industry.":[73],"One":[74,122],"main":[77,199],"drawbacks":[78],"this":[80,91,110,152],"solution":[82],"size":[86],"facilities.":[89],"For":[90],"purpose,":[92],"several":[93],"models":[94,115],"have":[95,144],"been":[96,230,266],"developed":[97],"avoid":[99,160],"shadowing":[100,114,161],"between":[101,116],"PTC":[103,118,215,227,282],"lines":[104],"much":[106],"possible.":[108],"In":[109,151],"study,":[111],"classic":[113],"rows":[119],"are":[120,130,139],"reviewed.":[121],"major":[125],"challenges":[126],"that":[128],"they":[129,138,143],"studied":[131],"geometrically":[132],"fixed":[135],"installation,":[136],"while":[137],"moving":[140],"facilities,":[141],"tracking":[146],"movement":[147,167],"sun.":[150],"work,":[153],"new":[155],"model":[156,177,194,212,264],"proposed":[158],"by":[162,223,232,246],"taking":[163],"into":[164],"account":[165],"facilities":[170],"depending":[171],"their":[173],"latitude.":[174],"Secondly,":[175],"tested":[179],"existing":[182,200],"facility":[183],"real":[186],"case":[187,273],"study":[188],"located":[189],"southern":[191],"Spain.":[192],"The":[193,220],"applied":[196],"installations":[201],"northern":[204],"hemisphere,":[205],"thus":[206],"showing":[207],"usefulness":[209],"any":[214],"installation":[216],"world.":[219],"shadow":[221],"projected":[222],"standard,":[225],"(S)":[228],"has":[229,265],"obtained":[231],"means":[233],"polynomial":[236],"approximation":[237],"function":[240],"latitude":[243],"(Lat)":[244],"given":[245],"S":[247],"=":[248],"0.001":[249],"\u2212":[250,254],"Lat2":[251],"+":[252,256],"0.0121":[253],"Lat":[255],"10.9":[257],"with":[258],"R2":[259],"99.8%.":[261],"Finally,":[262],"simplified":[267],"obtain":[269],"standard":[272],"shadows":[275],"running":[278],"time":[279],"facility.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-06T08:25:59.206177","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}